The main factors affecting the history of Central Asia are geography and climate. Central Asia is not conducive to the development of planting agriculture because of drought, so it can only rely on water conservancy to promote the development of irrigated agriculture; And because it is far from the ocean, it inhibits the flow of trade. Therefore, the population distribution in Central Asia is unbalanced. For thousands of years, it has been jointly controlled by farming and nomadic peoples.
For a long time, the nomadic people in Central Asia have been in constant conflict with the surrounding farming people. The lifestyle of nomadic people is obviously more suitable for war. Grassland cavalry can be said to be the most powerful military unit in the world at that time, but their combat effectiveness is often constrained by internal division factors.
Central Asia is generally high in the southeast and low in the northwest. In Pamir region of Tajikistan and Tianshan region of western Kyrgyzstan, the mountains are high and steep, with an altitude of 4,000-5,000 meters, among which the production peak with an altitude of 7,495 meters and lenin peak with an altitude of 7 134 meters are world-famous peaks.