Characteristics of virtual enterprise
Virtual enterprise refers to the inter-organizational geospatial information management supported by computer network, which has rapid transmission and established form. Its characteristics are as follows:
The virtual enterprise based on 1 technology is a computer network. The internal demand of market economy and the new stage of mature development of network technology have laid the foundation for the emergence of virtual enterprises. It can be said that without network technology, there will be virtual enterprises.
2。 Organization is invisible. Although in terms of production, design, management, finance and other functions, the existence of organizations that perform these functions within enterprises is not completely managed through computer virtual reality scenes, such as virtual banks and virtual bookstores.
3。 The members of the alliance are scattered. The theme of virtual enterprise network is that physical space does not exist and can be established in an all-round way. Companies all over the world can become members of virtual enterprise alliance. Although the employees of these enterprises don't work in the same office, they can perform tasks independently for the same goal, thus achieving the highest goal of the alliance. God can say that they are inseparable.
4。 The existence of short-term time. The joint alliance parties and decentralization show great flexibility in seizing market opportunities, and the alliance between enterprises can seize market opportunities quickly by virtue of the advantages of centralization and decentralization. Once the goal is achieved, the virtual enterprise will be dissolved.
Second, compared with physical enterprises, the analysis of virtual enterprises
1 Efficient management. The vertical management of entity enterprises refers to the intention of top leaders-middle leaders-grass-roots employees. The feedback of middle leaders and grass-roots employees is conveyed by middle managers, who play the role of issuing, coordinating and supervising. At the same time, the relationship between employees at all levels in enterprises is becoming more and more strict, which limits the development of their own creativity to a certain extent, thus reducing the number of grassroots employees participating in business activities. Virtual enterprise saves tedious intermediary agencies, reduces management levels and expands management scope, and middle-level leadership functions can be balanced through network management. Squeezed enterprise management gives all members greater freedom and independence, greatly mobilizes the enthusiasm of employees, and delivers information instantly, ensuring that the company can capture market information in time, solve problems quickly and improve work efficiency.
2。 Risks of small businesses around the world. To realize the global operation of enterprise entities, it is not only faced with various problems such as high cost, slow feedback, difficult personnel management and market regulation, but also difficult to adapt to complex foreign laws, regulations and government policies, and the risk of transnational operation is very great. Virtual enterprises carry out business activities on a global scale through telecommunication networks, quickly complete product design, production and sales with different resource combinations, and use a large number of advanced network applications to expand their virtual sales market, thus significantly reducing the transaction costs of enterprises; Capture all kinds of information in time, and let virtual enterprises take countermeasures in time to reduce risks; Dynamic alliance can give full play to the resource advantages of different countries, unite all parties, ultimately reduce business risks and maximize corporate profits.
3。 Share advanced technology. In the era of knowledge economy, mastering advanced technology is a prerequisite for enterprises to stand on the international market, but proprietary technology and related technologies are trade secrets. Often a company's technology can be monopolized by one enterprise, and other companies want it, so they have to buy it at a high price. In this way, it is difficult to create new value for the development of enterprises by combining various decentralized technologies that are difficult to establish. Virtual enterprise is an alliance of resource advantages of all parties. In order to protect their intellectual property rights, the alliance parties will complete their own tasks. The achievements and expertise of these cooperations are in Union Square, and more and more enterprises will join hands to build security technologies, create value with virtual enterprises and greatly enhance their competitiveness.
4。 The quick response of the market. Facing the changing situation, in the international market, the complex structure of commercial entities is increasingly unable to collect information, capture market opportunities and meet the individual needs of consumers. Relying on network technology, virtual enterprises always maintain a high degree of market responsiveness, and can quickly respond to changes in the market that are synchronized with emerging markets, thus meeting market demand in a timely and effective manner.
5。 Flexible organization. Complex enterprise organizations are relatively stable. When enterprises no longer need it, some departments exist, and it is more difficult for enterprises to adjust their organizational structure. Due to internal contradictions and personnel adjustment, the trigger of position adjustment will often have a negative impact on the overall development of enterprises. Virtual enterprise is a dynamic alliance, and the cooperation projects and links of all parties in the alliance are scattered, which is difficult to be separated because of the completion of tasks, and some of them have not yet fully appeared.
Difficulties faced by two virtual enterprises
Virtual enterprise is not perfect, and it is by no means a fashion to create virtual enterprise. Enterprises must realize that virtual operation must bear considerable risks. For example, Amazon Bookstore, the world's leading e-commerce pioneer, has a financial deficit of 1999 USD, while it is the largest online shopping website in China, with a loss of1500,000 USD in fiscal year 2000. Therefore, a clear understanding of the difficulties of virtual operation is very necessary for us to better attract and develop virtual operation.
1。 Logistics distribution is very difficult. Virtual enterprises enjoy absolute advantages in information flow, but logistics faces great difficulties, such as high cost means distribution, high storage cost and imperfect distribution channels. For example, Lenovo Group formally set foot in e-commerce. 1999, the variety of products and the number of customers have increased dramatically, resulting in more and more dystocia. The American toy website "eToys" is in the dilemma of falling stock price due to the influx of Christmas orders, logistics distribution and bad goods, and customers' delay in receiving goods. Virtual enterprises must realize that although they have effectively replaced some traditional enterprise value activities, logistics is irreplaceable.
2。 It is difficult to establish a unified corporate culture. Modern enterprises are increasingly aware that the most important competitiveness of enterprises is no longer the factory buildings, equipment and products themselves, but the information management system, continuous innovation, corporate culture and so on. The formation of corporate culture takes a long time, and employees need to work hard to form a * * * knowledge and * * * combination, which will play a certain role. The complexity of short-term employees and local scattered members of virtual enterprises makes it extremely difficult to form a corporate culture, a consistent corporate culture and even its existence, and its role is greatly discounted.
3。 It is difficult to eliminate conflicts between users. The rise of e-commerce is changing the traditional trade relationship, and it also provides convenience for online fraud. For example, the190,000 USD fraud case against the black youth Matthew Bowen was spread on the Internet through false information. The company preached a bright future and cheated more than 150 people. At the beginning of 200 1, Michael Richmond set up an eye-catching online website, claiming that as long as investors buy the apex of his deposit-Royal Bank Company, they can get a 24% return and attract 7.2 million US dollars. In order to obtain economic benefits, network operators take some actions, such as secretly tracking users, spying on others' privacy and revealing users' information, which seriously affects users' normal life and even causes huge economic losses to users. This case is the first time that we have warned about online life, "Be careful that your personal data becomes a tool for others to attack your rights and interests." Internet fraud and privacy concerns of online consumers have led to conflicts between many potential consumers and e-commerce.
4。 Online shopping is difficult to pay. Virtual enterprises engaged in e-commerce must deal with the payment problem, but China has not really solved this problem. Online payment is difficult, but online payment is easy. For example, some virtual enterprises use online shopping, and paying consumers remit money to the post office, which increases consumers' efforts and reduces the value of delivery, thus reducing the market competitiveness of products. Many domestic manufacturers want to push their products to the international market and provide product information on the Internet, but they can't solve the payment problem.
4. Countermeasures
In my opinion, we should challenge the advantages of virtual enterprises and the business they face from the following aspects to promote the healthy development of virtual enterprises in China.
(a) the government should take measures to establish a development company? 1 Good external environment. Accelerate the construction of relevant laws and regulations and protect the privacy of netizens by legal means. So far, there are no specific national privacy laws and regulations in the supervision of e-commerce, but people have realized that the development of personal privacy information network in the country is a great threat to strengthen the legal protection of online privacy. For example, the Electronic Communication Privacy Act specified by the United States in 1986, etc. China's legislation should focus on the trend and development, learn from the experience and lessons in the international arena, and gradually establish China's network privacy protection bill. For online scammers and hackers, the government should cooperate, and at the same time strengthen the crackdown to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers; On the one hand, strengthen publicity and education, improve the understanding of protecting users' personal data networks, and eliminate some users' network phobia.
2。 Strengthen the development of e-banking business. In order to realize online payment in virtual enterprises, banks must change their traditional services and strengthen the development of e-banking business and the implementation of e-money. At present, many countries have done a lot of work in this regard. For example, 20 Japanese credit cards are all driven by electronic money, and the "Gold Card Project" in China is an important aspect of electronic banking and networking. Promoting the use of electronic money will solve the problem of online payment.