Before World War II, the consortium was called chaebol, and after Meiji Restoration, it gradually developed into a monopoly holding company (also known as chaebol Kang Zeen) with the support of the government. These chaebols, which combined industrial capital, commercial capital and financial capital, were formed during the Japanese industrial revolution. With the support and protection of the state, there are mainly more than a dozen consortia, among which Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo and An Tian are the strongest, collectively known as the "four chaebol" in Japan. After World War II, in the name of anti-monopoly, the American government suppressed the old chaebol and dissolved the Japanese chaebol organization, but kept its banking institutions. From 195 1, the United States gradually adopted the policy of supporting monopoly capital out of nervous needs, prompting the Japanese chaebol organizations to regroup.
1953 As a result of the revision of the Law on Prohibition of Monopoly, the restrictions on shares and part-time jobs of companies with competitive relations have been relaxed. For example, the upper limit of financial institutions' shareholding has been expanded from 5% to 10%, which has relaxed the restrictions on cartels. Under the new policy environment, the financial institutions of the old chaebol reorganized the original subordinate enterprises, and based on the high integration of financial capital, industrial capital and commercial capital, they evolved into a new consortium in Japan. Among them, Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Furong, First Bank, Sanhe and other six consortia are the largest, thus forming six famous consortium enterprise groups in Japan.
After this rebirth, the feudal and closed nature of the Japanese chaebol was greatly weakened. Compared with the old chaebol, the most striking feature of the newly formed six consortia is that financial institutions are the center, and all enterprises in the consortium hold shares in one ring, that is, banks and enterprises, and enterprises and enterprises cross-hold shares; At the same time, its democracy, openness and competitiveness have been enhanced. One of the important signs of the formation of various consortia is the establishment of the "President's Meeting", which is the highest coordinating body of the group composed of the top leaders of the main members of the consortium. In fact, it is similar to the "major shareholders' meeting". The names of the presidents' associations of various consortia are different, and major issues among member enterprises are resolved through consultation by the presidents' associations. The association of presidents is also the central institution to study the main business strategy of the consortium, but it is not mandatory. Mitsubishi consortium was established in 1954, * * * is composed of 28 large enterprises, and it is one of the largest enterprise groups in Japan. Its core enterprises are: Tokyo Mitsubishi Bank, Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, mitsubishi electric, Honda Technology Research, Kirin Beer, Asahi Glass, etc. This group mainly focuses on automobile, complete sets of equipment, arms, electronics, petrochemical, aircraft, shipbuilding, nuclear energy and other industries, and is committed to the development of urban housing and new materials, controlling Japan's arms industry. 1977 and began to actively carry out economic exchanges with China. The manager will call it "Jinyaohui" (Jinyaohui meets on the second Friday of every month, and Friday in Japan is "Jinyaohui Day").
Mitsui Consortium was established in 196 1 and currently consists of 25 large enterprises. Its core enterprises include Sakura Bank, Mitsui Property, New Prince Paper, Toshiba, Toyota Motor, Mitsukoshi, Toray, Mitsui Real Estate and so on. The consortium has advantages in chemical industry, heavy machinery, integrated motors, automobile manufacturing, real estate, nuclear power generation, semiconductors, medical care and office electronic equipment. The manager will call it "Ermuhui" ("Ermuhui", which meets on the second Thursday of every month, "Mu", and Thursday in Japanese is "Obsidian Day").
Sumitomo Consortium was established in 195 1, and currently consists of 20 large enterprises. The consortium has strong strength in the metal industry, financial industry and electrical industry. Its core enterprises include Sumitomo Bank, Sumitomo Metal, Sumitomo Chemical, Sumitomo Corporation, Matsushita Electric, NEC, Sanyo Electric and Asahi Beer. He has a foundation in petrochemical, steel, nonferrous metals, fine chemicals and other departments, and later engaged in marine development and nuclear energy. The manager will call it "Baishuihui" (Baishuihui, the word "spring" in "Spring House" initiated by Sumitomo chaebol is split into "white water").
Fuji Consortium The Japanese call Mount Fuji the "Peak of Furong", so Fuji Group, also known as Furong Group, was founded in 1966 and currently consists of 29 large enterprises. The consortium has great influence in various important fields such as manufacturing, commerce and finance in Japan. Its core enterprises include Fuji Bank, Nissan Motor, Japan Steel Pipe, Sapporo Beer, Hitachi, Marubeni, Canon, Seiko Japan, the largest bearing manufacturer in Japan, and Kubota, the largest agricultural machinery manufacturer. Marubeni, which started from the textile industry, is a large-scale comprehensive trading company in Japan and a "governor's consultant" enterprise in Guangdong Province. There are more than 65,438+00 investment enterprises in Guangdong Province, and actively seeking cooperation with China logistics industry in the future is one of its current business objectives. The manager will call it "Furong Club" (named after "Furong Group").
Sanhe consortium was established in 1967, and currently consists of 44 large enterprises. Its core enterprises include Sanhe Bank, Nissho Iwai, Japan Telecom Telephone (NTT), Japan Cotton, Cosmos Oil, Kobe Steel Works, Sharp, Japan Express, and Sekisui Chemical Industry. Among them, Japanese businessmen Iwai and Rimian are one of the nine largest trading companies in Japan. The consortium has strong strength in steel manufacturing, communication, liquefied gas, ceramics, rubber and other industries. The manager will call it "Sanshui Club" (Sanshui Club meets on the third Wednesday of every month, and Wednesday in Japan is "Water Glory Day").
The first banking consortium was established in 1978, and now it is composed of 48 large enterprises. The consortium was established late and has the largest number of members among the six consortia. Its core enterprises include dai-ichi kangyo bank, Itochu Corporation, Fujitsu, Jinsong, Shimizu Construction, Kawasaki Steel, Asahi Kasei Industry, Fuji Electric, Yokohama Rubber, etc. The consortium has advantages in chemical fiber, finance, optical communication, computer, oil development, food and other fields. The manager will call it "Sanjinhui" (Sanjinhui, which meets on the third Friday of every month, and Japanese Friday is "Jinyao Day").