First, the basic evaluation of China's civil aviation airport layout and construction status.
(A) the development trend of civil aviation
1. The air transport business grew rapidly.
Since the reform and opening up, China's civil aviation transportation has continued to grow rapidly. In 2005, the airport handled 284 million passengers, 6.33 million tons of cargo and mail, and 3.06 million aircraft movements. The average annual growth rates of these three indicators during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period are 16.3%, 15.4% and 1 1 respectively. (See table 1)
In 2005, the passenger turnover of civil aviation in China was 26,654.38+billion tons kilometers, up by 14.7% over the previous year, 8 percentage points higher than that of the whole society, 9. 1, 8.7/and 16.7 percentage points higher than that of railways, highways and waterways, respectively, and its proportion in the comprehensive transportation of the whole society was from/.
2. The fleet size and route network are constantly expanding.
During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, China's civil aviation industry saw a net increase of 336 transport planes (including 340 passenger planes and 4 cargo planes), and in 2005, there was a net increase of 109 transport planes (including passenger planes 105 and 4 cargo planes). By the end of 2005, the total number of transport planes in the whole industry was 863, including 835 passenger planes with 654.38+0.36 million seats (an increase of 654.38+05.2% over the previous year and an average annual growth of 654.38+065.438+0.5% in five years); There are 28 cargo planes with an industrial carrying capacity of1.4000 tons. In 2005, China civil aviation had 1257 scheduled routes, including 1024 domestic routes (43 to Hong Kong and Macao) and 233 international routes.
3. The international status has been significantly improved.
In 2005, the growth rate of total turnover of civil aviation transportation in China was 6.5 percentage points higher than the world average growth level, reaching 2665438+ 100 million tons kilometers, ranking second in the world. China's major airports' aviation business volume ranks rapidly in the world. The passenger throughput of Beijing Capital Airport rose from 20th place in the world in 2004 to14th place, and the cargo and mail throughput of Shanghai Pudong Airport rose from14th place to 8th place, ranking among the top airports in the world.
4. There is a broad space for future development.
China's civil aviation transportation has made some progress, but there is still a big gap compared with developed countries. At present, the total turnover of domestic civil aviation transportation and passenger transportation volume are about 1/5 of that of the United States, and the number of commercial transportation airports is about 1/4 of that of the United States, with a large gap in per capita level. According to the requirements of realizing a well-off society in an all-round way and building a harmonious society, China's civil aviation transportation will gradually shift from focusing on stimulating economic growth to focusing on meeting public demand while meeting the sustained and rapid development of the national economy. China has a large population and a vast territory, which contains huge aviation demand and development space.
(2) Basic evaluation of airport layout
Civil aviation transportation has the technical characteristics of high speed, high efficiency, safety and comfort, and plays an important role in domestic long-distance passenger and cargo transportation, inter-city rapid transportation and specific inter-regional transportation. In recent years, the share of civil aviation transportation in the transportation market has been increasing, and it has become an important part of China's comprehensive transportation system. Among them, long-distance rapid transportation is the backbone of international passenger transport and an important symbol of China's traffic modernization.
At present, China has initially formed a relatively complete civil aviation airport system, which has supported the rapid development of the air transport industry and promoted the continuous improvement of the comprehensive transportation system. From the adaptability to social and economic development, the current airport system has the following characteristics:
1, the regional layout pattern basically meets the needs of economic and social development, but the quantity scale and regional service scope can not meet the requirements of future development.
Taking the 2-hour drive by ground transportation as the airport service radius index, at present, China's airport system can provide air transport services for 8 1.5% of medium-sized cities (urban population over 200,000), covering about 65% of the country's total population and 85% of the total GDP. The overall layout is reasonable, which basically meets the needs of economic and social development, but it cannot meet the requirements of building a well-off society in an all-round way.
With the growth of China's economic strength, the continuous improvement of urbanization level and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the existing airport system can only cover 52% county-level administrative units, 37% land area, 6 1% population and 82% GDP if measured by the service distance index of 100 km. It is necessary to increase the number of airports in an orderly manner and expand the regional service scope of the airport system. (See Table 3)
2, basically adapt to the needs of opening up and domestic and foreign exchanges, but the comprehensive functions of major airports need to be further improved, and their capabilities need to be further improved.
After years of construction and development, marked by Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, China has formed a certain number of hubs and trunk airports with relatively reasonable layout. It ensures the needs of opening to the outside world and exchanges at home and abroad, and improves the competitiveness, influence and potential of regional cooperation in major cities in China. However, judging from the global aviation market, domestic regional economic development pattern and airport layout functional structure theory, there are four main problems in the development of airport system in China: first, some large and medium-sized airports are saturated or close to saturation, and their support capacity is insufficient, which cannot meet the needs of rapid growth of passenger and cargo transportation; Second, the construction of international aviation hub is in its infancy and its competitiveness is weak; Third, the layout of hub airports to meet the needs of regional cooperation between China and ASEAN, Central Asia and Northeast Asia has not yet been formed; Fourthly, the increasing shortage of airport airspace resources has restricted the development of air transport. In the future, the civil aviation industry must reflect the pioneering nature of infrastructure construction and plan a certain number of hub airports from a macro-strategic perspective.
3. The airport distribution density is quite different, and there is a great demand for airport layout in some areas.
In 2005, the density distribution of scheduled airports in China was as follows: 4 airports in coastal areas, 2 airports in central areas and 1 airport in western areas. There are also obvious differences in function, scale and business volume, which are roughly the same as the regional economic and social development pattern in China. Among the top 20 airports in terms of passenger throughput, there are 13 airports in the east, 2 airports in the middle and 5 airports in the west. (See Table 4)
Judging from the demand trend, the following areas are in great demand in the future airport layout and construction. First, the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and other urbanized areas (urban sprawl) mainly meet the needs of airport system construction, functional zoning and capacity allocation; The second is the demand of emerging cities and big cities for the new airport. At present, nearly 20% of large and medium-sized cities in China lack the necessary airports; The third is to improve the air transport service level in the central and western regions, promote the development of regional central cities, improve national defense capabilities, and support the development of underdeveloped areas and ethnic minority areas. Need a new airport.
4. The expansion of the airport system has improved China's national defense capability, but it should also improve the security of its territorial waters and airspace.
The development of China civil aviation airport has improved the national security capability, and military airports have also played an important role in promoting the development of civil aviation. From the development trend, the airport layout needs to play a greater role in strengthening China's territorial sea security, inland areas and border areas.
Two, the future of China civil aviation airport layout and construction of key analysis.
(1) Accelerate the cultivation of large hub airports in the west, such as Urumqi, Kunming, Xi, Chengdu and Chongqing, and form a coordinated development trend between the east and the west. In the near future, we must first strengthen the construction of gateway hub airports such as Urumqi and Kunming.
On the basis of comprehensive analysis of the characteristics and development level of regional economy, geography and comprehensive transportation in China, the future construction of civil aviation transport airports in China should follow the principle of "strong in the east and dense in the west" and build an airport system with reasonable layout, moderate scale, complete functions and coordinated development.
The western region is an important resource reserve base in China and has a very important strategic position in realizing the sustainable development of China's economy and society. Combined with the strategy of developing the western region, in terms of airport layout, construction and development, the state should focus on supporting airports with important strategic position and development potential in the western region, especially strengthening the position and role of hub airports that can radiate the air transport market of neighboring countries and regions and have strong gateway functions. For example, Urumqi Airport faces Central and Western Asia, with good location conditions, strong competitive advantages and huge market potential, while Kunming Airport faces Southeast Asia and South Asia. It not only occupies a very important strategic position in the development of air transport in northwest and southwest China, but also has the ability to develop into a regional hub airport radiating many neighboring countries, which is of great significance to the national development strategy and security and stability and should be supported emphatically.
In order to promote the development of civil aviation in western China and speed up the construction of the gateway hub airport in the west, CAAC signed the Minutes of Talks on Accelerating the Development of Civil Aviation in Xinjiang and the Minutes of Talks on Accelerating the Development of Civil Aviation in Yunnan on February 7, 2005 and May 9, 2006, respectively, and decided to increase investment and tilt policies to build Urumqi Airport into an airport facing Central Asia. The above strategic ideas will be fully reflected in the reconstruction and expansion project of Urumqi Airport and the relocation project of Kunming Airport.
(two) combined with the regional economic and industrial layout, comprehensive transportation system construction, overall consideration of the airport layout in the region, beyond the boundaries of administrative divisions, to achieve rational allocation of resources.
The distribution of civil aviation transportation market in China is highly concentrated. (See Table 5)
The analysis of the national civil aviation and the air transport market of major cities and regions by the research group of China Consulting Corporation shows that in the next 10 year, the air passenger throughput of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen will all exceed 1 100 million, reaching1200 million,1300 million and 654.38+respectively. It is estimated that in 2020, it will reach 65.438+0.7 billion person-times, 65.438+0.9 billion person-times and 65.438+0.8 billion person-times respectively. Such a huge market demand cannot be met by the expansion of existing airports alone, and new airports need to be laid out.
The layout of new large-scale airports, especially in urban sprawl, needs to put the construction projects in a larger economic and social environment and comprehensively consider all relevant factors, rather than just considering the needs of individual cities or simply applying conventional standards. Airport layout planning should be coordinated with economic and industrial layout and comprehensive transportation system planning, give full play to the overall advantages and rationally allocate resources; Realize reasonable division of labor and promote coordinated development. For foreseeable key projects, it is necessary to carry out various preliminary research and demonstration work as soon as possible.
(3) Actively develop general aviation short-distance passenger and cargo transportation business, solve traffic difficulties and special needs in special areas, improve the coverage level of air transportation services, and meet social needs.
At present, China still has a considerable land area and a large number of people outside the effective coverage of air transport, and about 35% of the population is more than 2 hours' drive from the airport. In order to build a harmonious society and achieve the goal of a well-off society in an all-round way, it is necessary to expand the service scope of air transport and improve the air transport conditions in economically underdeveloped areas with inconvenient ground transportation. In the development of the western region, transportation comes first. The northwest is vast and sparsely populated, and the mountains in the southwest are high and the valleys are deep. Compared with ground transportation, air transportation has the advantages of less investment, quick effect and little impact on the ecological environment, and will be the key area for the development of regional aviation of civil aviation in China in the future.
In the construction of regional airports, the shortage of funds and operating losses are two major problems. In 2002, the National Audit Office audited the construction and management of 38 feeder lines, of which 37 airports suffered losses. From 2000 to 20001year, the cumulative loss of regional airports was 654.38+52.7 million yuan. After the audit results were announced, the construction of regional airports fell into a trough.
For a long time, the unclear nature of the airport has weakened the government's support for the airport in terms of policies and measures. In 2002, the State Council Document No.6 put forward the reform plan of decentralized local management of civil aviation airports, which encountered many difficulties in the implementation in the economically underdeveloped areas in the west, and also affected the layout and construction of new airports.
The development of regional aviation is trapped by the heavy burden of route operation and the loss of airport operation. However, the absence of government management functions and the imperfection of policies, regulations and standards are also important reasons that affect development. There are two outstanding problems: First, the rules of China civil aviation for commercial transport operators of small aircraft (CCAR- 135) were not promulgated as early as possible, and many domestic general aviation enterprises' small aircraft could not participate in the competition in the transport market; Secondly, the general aviation airport is not included in the series of civil aviation airports, and there is no clear technical standard as the basis for construction and operation.
Developed countries have expanded the coverage of air transport and improved the service level. On the one hand, thanks to the relaxation of air traffic control and the improvement of air carrier management system, small aircraft of general aviation enterprises can become an important part of air transportation system. On the other hand, the state provides necessary support and guarantee for infrastructure construction, and brings small airstrips serving general aviation business into the national airport planning and construction management system. According to the data provided by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Executive Fact Sheet, among the 65,438+09,865,438+05 airports in the United States in 2004, there were 5,288 public airports, 39,465,438+0 artificial airports and 599 airports with chartered commercial scheduled flights (which can provide 65,465,438+0 airports). Foreign successful experience can be used for reference.
In recent years, China's general aviation has made progress in opening air transport to the public, which is mainly reflected in the following four aspects: First, in the use and management of low-altitude airspace resources, the National Air Traffic Control Commission has launched a pilot project of opening low-altitude airspace, which will provide better airspace guarantee conditions for the development of general aviation; Secondly, regarding the public transport market access system, the Civil Aviation Administration of China promulgated and implemented the Rules for the Examination and Approval of Commercial Operators of Small Aircraft by order 15 1 35, and awarded CCAR to China Longfei, the largest professional airline in China, on February 2 1 2006. Third, in terms of infrastructure construction, the latest "Layout and Construction Plan of China Civil Aviation Airport" formulated by the Civil Aviation Administration has given necessary consideration to the position and role of general aviation airports in public transportation, and will carry out relevant research work on the layout planning, construction and operation standards of general aviation airports; Fourthly, in terms of relevant development policies, the Civil Aviation Administration of China has recently issued a series of policies to encourage the development of regional aviation, specifically mentioning that airlines will receive relevant subsidies and solo flight guarantee for a certain period of time when opening new regional flights in the western region. This preferential policy is conducive to the expansion of general aviation to public transport aviation business.
It can be predicted that during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, general aviation short-haul transportation business will become a new bright spot in the development of civil aviation transportation in China.
for reference only