How do joint-stock companies pay dividends and bear losses?

1. How do joint-stock companies pay dividends? There are three ways to pay dividends-cash dividend, undistributed profit dividend, provident fund dividend and capitalization. 2. How to bear the loss: generally, the loss is made up by the profits of the past years, that is, the undistributed profits; If it is a new company, it will be listed as a loss on the book, and make up the loss after making money; Third, if the company has been listed, it should also bear the risk of stock price decline; Fourth, if you lose money, you won't pay dividends that year.