In view of the rampant phenomenon of cheating for the solution of juren, in the 19th year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (73 1), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty issued a decree that juren in Zhuzhou Township must take the township tribute examination in this province, and "there are no supplementary provisions to apply." ("Don? However, Zhong did not change the ethos of "drawing inferences from others". During the Dali period, "candidates were not invited to take the exam in the state, but gathered in the capital", so that "three or four out of ten people took the exam" (Quantang Wen, volume 355), especially "being registered in Jingzhao House" was very common. After Zhenyuan, I couldn't get the solution from the source for my son, and even Xiang Gong "just paid his name under a pseudonym" ("Tang Yan? "rural tribute"), it is very common to cheat and pay tribute. Even Bai Juyi, a great poet, turned to his uncle who was an official in Xuanzhou when there was no hope of getting a solution in his hometown of Luoyang. Only when he got a solution from Xuanzhou did he become a scholar. This situation has not changed until the Five Dynasties, and there are still "more juren from all walks of life than those sent by Beijing Zhaofu" ("Yuan Gui from Bookstore? Gong Ju Department ").
Taking the liberty to send him to get a solution and sending him to imperial academy are two main methods commonly used in Tang and Five Dynasties. It is a typical "college entrance examination immigration" way to solve the problem by sending it. When participating in the provincial examination of the Ministry of Rites, the tribute juren from five townships in the Tang Dynasty must accept the household registration verification of the juren by the Ministry of Rites and the Ministry of Households. Therefore, if Juzi wants to get a solution in other states, he must rebuild his household registration in other states, and then he can check the household registration through the household registration department. Therefore, in the late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties, Juzi was often sent to other counties through various relationships, such as Jingzhao County. Among them, Fake Red Valley Township and Li Yugui are the most famous, and even in the later Tang Dynasty, this township was specially designated as a special household registration township in Juzi. In order to ensure the success of the solution, Juzi often takes advantage of the time difference of the state government test and takes part in the state government test several times in different states. Some candidates fail to pass the government examination in this pass, so they go to other states to take the government examination, and even want to take the government examination in imperial academy. Wu Zong once made it clear that "tributary juren should not get the solution from two governments", trying to limit the behavior of using the time difference between the two governments to rush to different governments to get the solution under false excuses. However, this situation has not been fundamentally changed, especially after the five generations of Juzi took the exam in Beijing, they often rushed to Beijing to take the imperial academy exam. It was not until the Song Dynasty unified the time of the state government examination that the possibility of taking the solution from the two governments was eliminated from the institutional level.
The biggest advantage of sending imperial academy is that his son can be solved without forging his household registration. This situation was typical in the Five Dynasties. Because of the five dynasties war, it is difficult for them to go back and forth between Beijing and Benguan to find a solution. Therefore, in the third year of Qing Dynasty in the late Tang Dynasty (936), it was stipulated: "Attached to the prison, according to August 1 last year, it must be interpreted by this department. If not, the supervisor will be allowed to accompany them in the second year. If the name of the first candidate has not been ordered to be resolved by the department, the supervisor should not accept more compensation after the first candidate. People from Huainan, Jiangnan, Guizhou and Sichuan are not limited to this case, and the etiquette department is in charge of making supplementary orders. " ("Bookstore Yuan Gui? Therefore, Juzi borrowed the loopholes in the solution system and tried to enter imperial academy first, so as to get the solution from imperial academy and take part in the provincial examination.
The main reason for cheating in the imperial examination in Tang Dynasty lies in the imbalance of political, cultural and economic development in various regions. Jingzhao Mansion and Henan Mansion in the Tang Dynasty are the political and cultural centers of the whole country, the gathering places of senior officials, scholars and celebrities, and have the best educational resources in the country. In addition, the reputation of recommending, writing and extending imperial examinations prevailed in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Juzi took the opportunity of being born in both capital city, handing over power to celebrities, and seeking the Chief Secretary to seize the opportunity to enter the department by all means. So that "the land of capital city, the gathering of clothes, the birth of children, the name of the body, calmly attached, nothing" ("General Code? Election code v).
Although the amount paid by the States in the Tang Dynasty is not much different from that in the Song Dynasty, there are still cases where the amount paid is small and the amount paid is large. In the early Tang Dynasty, the record of payment was not clear. In February of the twenty-fifth year of Kaiyuan, there was a saying: "Yingzhou Gongshi: there were three tribute workers in Shangzhou, two in Zhongzhou and one in Zhouxia; There must be, and there is no limit. " ("Tang Yanyan? In the 28th year of Kaiyuan, there were 328 states in China. If the average number of people in each state is two, then the number of people in China should be 656. However, in fact, Jing Zhao's solution is far beyond the level of three people, and dozens of people are sent off every time, sometimes even exceeding 100. The solution rate of Jing Zhao in the provincial examination is also the highest. The world calls Jing Zhao "China Pinglu", and "the rate is within ten people, which is called" Ping "("Tang Yan? Jingzhao Guard "). So that Liu Zongyuan sighed with emotion: "Jing is a hundred-year-old scholar and often opposes a hundred counties." This social atmosphere will inevitably lead to an increase in mailing behavior.
The appearance of impersonation in the Tang Dynasty was also influenced by the imperial examination system. In the Tang Dynasty, Juzi could take the initiative to take part in the imperial examinations in his own hands. Juzi often gets recommendations from other states by throwing thorns and expanding his reputation, so throwing thorns is also called "rural tribute", "seeking for promotion", "getting a solution" and "getting a solution". Therefore, in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, in order to get recommendations from the countryside, Juzi traveled to various states with his poems in order to win more opportunities for recommendation. For example, Shen Yazhi, a Wuxing person, "strives for tribute to the county" and "every county is changeable", and finally rose to the first place with Zhao Jing. Some families with insufficient services, criminal acts and unhealthy moral character often "steal money" to obtain the qualification of accompanying. In addition, the difference in the amount of funding from state to state also affects the choice of solving problems in other States. For example, observation in Jiangxi made Nakagawa regard recommending sages as an urgent task. After the government test, he was divided into three levels: Yuan, Yuan and Hai Fu. Xie Yuan gave 300,000 yuan, Fu Xie gave 200,000 yuan, and the sea did not decrease100,000 yuan. As a result, many people came to Jiangxi to solve problems.
In view of the increasing prevalence of impersonation, the government also took some measures to curb it during this period. For example, we try to establish a system of paying family status and mutual guarantee to limit impersonation and sending letters. In the Tang Dynasty, state, county and library schools had to review their household registration and settle down. In order to further tighten the examination discipline, the five cases of Huichang four-year ritual department stipulated: "After today, after the juren is admitted to the ritual department, I hope the first three will protect themselves." ("Bookstore Yuan Gui?" "Gong Ju Supplement" has played an important role in preventing raising children from posing as impostors. To some extent, it also restricts Juzi's disciplinary action to ensure the other party's disciplinary action. These measures have achieved certain governance effects, but as long as the educational resources in different regions are unbalanced and the defects in the examination still exist, this phenomenon cannot be cured, so the act of impersonation is always consistent with the imperial examination system.