(2) Four strong stamens A flower has six free stamens, of which four filaments are longer and the other two filaments are shorter. Stamens of cruciferous plants such as Chinese cabbage, radish and February orchid.
(3) A single stamen has a large number of stamens, and its filaments are partially united, but the anthers are still separated. Stamens of cotton and other plants of Malvaceae such as Hibiscus and Abelmoschus manihot.
(4) The number of multi-drug stamens is large, filaments are separated, and anthers are combined to form multi-drug stamens. Stamens of plants such as Compositae, Cucurbitaceae, Sunflower and Dandelion.
(5) Among the ten dimorphic stamens, the filaments of nine stamens are combined with each other and the anthers are separated, while the other stamen is solitary. Most leguminous plants have dimorphic stamens.
(6) Polyploid stamens are divided into several groups, and the filaments of each group are partially combined, while the filaments and anthers above them remain separated to form polyploid stamens. Such as Hypericum chinense
1. Most of the upper ovaries and lower flowers in Leguminosae, Solanaceae and Cruciferae are upper ovaries. Peach blossom has a cup-shaped receptacle, but its ovary does not heal with the receptacle except the base, so it still belongs to the upper part of the ovary, and its corolla is a circulating flower relative to the ovary.
2. The lower ovary and the upper pear, sunflower or cucumber are all lower ovaries.
3. Semi-inferior ovary and epiphytic codonopsis pilosula
Double tough vascular bundle, there are two groups of phloem cells in a vascular bundle, which are located inside and outside the xylem respectively. Pumpkin stem oleander eggplant
Peripheral vascular bundle, xylem in the center, phloem arranged around it, showing a concentric outline. The flower parts of ferns and angiosperms.
Lateral vascular bundle: phloem is located outside xylem. Most gymnosperms are related to the stems and leaves of angiosperms.
Open bundle: the roots and stems of dicotyledons and gymnosperms.
Monocotyledons are limited vascular bundles.
The calyx, petals, stamens and pistils of angiosperm flowers are homologous organs and are special-shaped leaves.
Gametophyte development: before bryophytes
Developed asexual sporophyte; Ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Spore plants: algae, fungi, lichens, mosses and ferns. Spore plants generally like to grow in dark and humid places.
Single starch granule: a starch granule with only one umbilical point and its annular pattern.
Compound starch granules: there are two or more umbilicus points, and each umbilicus point has its own wheel lines, but there are no same wheel lines.
Semi-compound starch granules: if there are * * * identical wheel granules.
Ring-hole timber: refers to the early timber of growth ring (annual ring) whose tube hole is obviously larger than that of late timber, and forms obvious belt-shaped or wheel-shaped timber. Such as Quercus acutissima
Porous wood: refers to the wood with the same size as the vessel and evenly distributed on the annual rings.
Protoplasm: refers to the living substance in a cell, which differentiates into cytoplasm, nucleus and cell membrane. Animal cells are a mass of protoplasm.
Protoplast: The plant cells left after removing the cell wall in plant cell engineering are called protoplasts, which are actually the protoplasm of plant cells.
Protoplast: a unique term in plant cells, which refers to cell membrane, vacuole membrane and cytoplasm between the two membranes. Protoplast layer has selective permeability. When mature plant cells come into contact with the external solution, if there is a concentration difference, the cell fluid will penetrate into the external solution.
Three-cell pollen: There are three cells in pollen, two sperm and 1 vegetative cell.
Bicellular pollen: There are two cells in pollen, 1 sperm and 1 vegetative cell.
Formation of periderm: Cork cambium cells undergo tangential division, differentiate outward into cork layer and inward into cork inner layer, so the structural layer composed of cork layer, cork inner layer and cork cambium is called periderm.
Parenchyma species
Assimilation tissue: mesophyll tissue is the most typical assimilation tissue in the basic tissue of green parts of plants. Characterized by chloroplasts in cells.
Storage tissue: parenchyma that stores a lot of nutrients, which is the most typical parenchyma. It exists in various storage organs, such as tubers, bulbs, bulbs, fruits and seeds, as well as the cortex and pith of roots and stems.
Aerated tissue: parenchyma with a large number of intercellular spaces. There are large gaps in the parenchyma of roots, stems and leaves of aquatic and hygrophytic plants, such as water lilies, which form an interconnected ventilation system in the body, so that oxygen generated by photosynthesis of leaves can enter the roots through it. Inflatable tissue is also related to buoyancy and supporting force in water.
Water storage tissue: tissue composed of cells that store a large amount of water, which is more common in succulent plants. These cells are very large, and there are a lot of viscous juice (including bound water) in vacuoles.
collenchyma
Main wall characteristics of wall thickening mode
Partial thickening and secondary wall complete thickening.
The cell wall component is mainly cellulose.
Lignin-free is mainly cellulose.
lignin
Living mature cells are living cells.
Can continue to grow and mature into dead cells.
Have no ability to grow
Protoplast in normal development direction
There is no possibility of further dedifferentiation.
Differentiation potential
Endosperm: castor, onion, amaranth, sorghum, carrot, etc.
Placenta at the base: ovule is attached to the base of ovary, such as sunflower and rhubarb.
Terminal placenta: ovule attached to the top of ovary, such as carrot mulberry.
Marginal placenta: single gynoecium; Free gynoecium, such as Leguminosae
Lateral placentation: Syngynous gynoecium and compound ovary, such as Cruciferae in Cucurbitaceae of Poppy.
Axillary placenta: a pistil with multiple chambers and compound ovaries, such as lily, cotton, apple, citrus and pear.
Special central placenta: one-compartment ovary, primrose and carnation.
parthenogenesis
1) Parthenogenesis: An egg develops into an embryo without fertilization.
2) Apomixis: Embryo develops from assisted antipodal cells or polar nuclei.
3) apospory: nucellar and integument cells develop into embryos.
Meiosis of zygote: 1) Meiosis occurs when zygote germinates.
2) Spirogyra cloacae/Bulb/Charophyta
3) There are only haploid plants in life history and only zygotes in diploid stage.
Meiosis of gametes: 1) Meiosis occurs during gamete formation.
2) brown algae such as Sargassum fusiforme, various green algae animals such as diatom pine algae.
3) There are only diploid plants in the life history, and the gametophyte is the only haploid stage.
Metaphase meiosis: 1) When sporophytes produce spores.
2) Ulva in green algae, Enteromorpha in brown algae, seaweed in kelp, Undaria pinnatifida in autumn algae, Polypodiaceae and all higher plants.
3) There are haploid and diploid stages.
The symptoms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium deficiency are first manifested in old leaves.
The symptoms of sulfur, magnesium, iron and molybdenum deficiency are first manifested in young leaves.
Fe, Mn, Cu, Mg, N, S and Cl About Chlorophyll
N, P, K and Mg can move freely.
The terminal bud died when calcium was lacking.
Seeds with endosperm: castor, tobacco, tomato, pepper, persimmon, wheat and onion.
Most dicotyledons and gymnosperms, such as cotton, kidney beans and castor, are unearthed from cotyledons.
Cotyledons leave the soil, dicotyledonous plants such as broad beans, peas, oranges and lychees, and most monocotyledonous plants such as corn and rice.
Cells without flagella in their lifetime: red algae, blue bacteria and Ceratophyllum.
Flagellated cells in life: brown algae, green algae and diatoms.
Classification of algae plants:
1. Euglena: Euglena is Gymnema.
2. Chlorophyta:
Chlamydomonas: Unicellular Homogamy
Spirogyra: filamentous zygotic reproduction
Coccidia : population heterogamy
Volvariella volvacea: Multicellular egg reproduction
Keywords disk algae, Ulva, Porphyridium,
3. Phaeophyta:
Kelp (heterogeneous alternating) carrageenan and Undaria pinnatifida
4. Rhodophyta:
Porphyra yezoensis (agar extraction)
5. cyanophyta:
Nostoc commune, ANABAENA (with Rhododendron), Spirulina.
6. Diatom:
Central diatom: The patterns are arranged in radial or concentric circles.
Feather diatom: the patterns are arranged on both sides of the shell, generally symmetrical on both sides.
In addition, there are Charophyta, Dinophyta, Cryptophyta, Chrysophyta and Xanthophyta.
Pteridophyte:
Lycopodium: Lycopodium, Huperzia, Selaginella (dioecious, heterospore) Cuiyuncao.
Wood thief; scouring rush
Eupterinae: Osmunda, Mangosteen (hermaphroditic) Apple, Sophora japonica and Euphorbia japonica.
Isoetes: Isoetes sinensis (hermaphroditism, spore heteromorphism)
Pteridophyte: Pteridophyte (hermaphrodite, sporomorphic)
Gymnosperms:
Cycas: Cycas, dioecious; Sperm has flagella and is the largest sperm in biology.
Ginkgo biloba: Ginkgo biloba, dioecious; Flagellated sperm
Coniferae: there are resin channels, sperm without flagella, leaves with stomatal bands, and the healing degree of pearl scales and bract scales is different.
Pinaceae: pearl scales are detached from bracts, leaves are needle-shaped or strip-shaped, fir, silver fir, spruce, larch, money pine, sequoia, cedar,
According to the needle bundle:
2 needles in a bunch: Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus massoniana, Pinus taiwanensis and Pinus thunbergii.
A bundle of 3 needles: Pinus bungeana
A bundle of 5 needles: Korean pine and Huashan pine.
There are famous pine trees but not belonging to Pinaceae: Pinus tabulaeformis, Podocarpus, Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus ponderosa.
Famous fir plants not belonging to Pinaceae: spruce, fir, silver fir, hemlock, yellow cedar and Metasequoia.
Araceae Aralia elata.
Cephalotaxus Cephalotaxus, Taxus chinensis, Taxodium mexicana, Cephalotaxus Cephalotaxus.
Bamboo cypress belongs to Podocarpaceae, not Cupressaceae.
Monocotyledons: rice, corn, wheat, barley, barley, coconut, bamboo, lily, Hosta, magnolia and tulip.
The most primitive dicotyledonous plant is Magnoliaceae, and the most evolved is Compositae.
The most primitive monocotyledonous plant is Alismataceae, and the most evolved is Orchidaceae.
The most primitive herb is buttercup.
The most primitive woody species is magnolia.
The most abundant algae in the ocean is green algae.
The most primitive and oldest plant on the earth is cyanobacteria.
Pteridophyte:
Kidney fern, Arnebia euchroma, equisetum fern, equisetum fern, Isoetes sinensis, Pteris glabra and Alsophila spinulosa.
Algae plants:
Spinosad (Porphyridium), Charophyta, Bird's Nest, Umbrella, Begonia, Spirogyra.
Angiosperms:
Black algae, Myriophyllum, Myriophyllum, Clematis and Ceratophyllum.
Composite organizational system:
Skin tissue system: epidermis and periderm
Vascular system: phloem and xylem.
Basic system: thin-walled/thick-angled/thick-walled structure
seed dormancy
1) Dormancy due to seed coat restriction: Xanthium sibiricum.
2) Embryonic hypoplasia: seeds of chestnut, ginkgo and ginseng.
3) The relationship between germination inhibitor and dormancy: watermelon and tomato.
Seeds that need light: seeds that need light before germination, such as lettuce, tobacco, Arabidopsis, rhododendron, etc.
Dark seeds: germination is not affected by light, such as amaranth, tomato and cucumber.
Light-loving seeds: germination is inhibited by light.
(1) Inflorescence:
Infinite inflorescence (centripetal inflorescence): limited inflorescence (centrifugal inflorescence);
1, racemes: such as rape, February orchid, shepherd's purse 1, dichotomous cymes: such as Dianthus pubescens.
2. spike: for example, plantain 2. Divergent cymes: such as Euphorbia.
3. Inflorescence: willow, walnut and hazelnut 3. Monogamous cymes: Tang Pu Cao, forget me.
4, panicles: such as Eupatorium odoratum 4, cymes: Leonurus japonicus mint of Labiatae
5. Umbrella: such as pears and apples.
6. Umbellies: such as ginseng and onion
7. flower heads: such as clover, dandelion and chrysanthemum.
8, cryptocephalus: such as figs
9. Spike: For example, cattail.
10. compound ear: such as wheat
1 1. Compound umbels: such as carrots and fennel.
(2) Corolla:
1, tubular: such as chrysanthemum sunflower
2, funnel-shaped: such as Petunia, sweet potato, leek.
3, bell shape: such as pumpkin platycodon grandiflorum
4, wheels: such as tomatoes
5, lips: sesame mint a bunch of red
6. Tongue: such as the periphery of sunflower disk.
7, butterflies: such as soybean locusts
8. Cross; Cruciferae
Arrangement of petals:
1, tweezers: such as shy people
2. Rotation:
3. Composite tile shape
Illumination-decrease of -co2 concentration-increase of pH-beneficial to glucose synthesis-increase of permeability-stomatal opening.
Water entry-increasing cell pressure potential-stomatal opening
Chloroplasts of light guard cells synthesize starch at night and convert it into soup during the day-pressure potential changes-stomatal opening.
Water absorption, moderate temperature, potassium ion entry-stomatal opening
Shade plants and sun plants
Heliophyte: Living in direct sunlight, the leaves tend to be xerophytes. The characteristics of xerophytes are as follows: First, the leaves are small and thick, the cuticle is developed, even compound leaves are formed, the palisade tissue is multi-layered, the mechanical and transportation tissues are developed, and the stomata are sunken. The other is that there are developed parenchyma in the leaves of succulent plants. Many xerophytes are sun plants, and many sun plants are wet plants, even aquatic plants, such as rice.
Shaded plants: grow well in weak light, can't stand strong light, have large and thin leaves, thin cuticle, underdeveloped palisade tissue, developed intercellular space, large chloroplasts, epidermal cells often contain chloroplasts, and underdeveloped mechanical tissues.
Aquatic plants: the leaves are thin, the walls are not keratinized, there are chloroplasts in the leaves, they do not differentiate into palisade tissue and sponge tissue, and the mechanical tissue and vascular tissue degenerate. There are only a few pores in the upper epidermis of floating leaves, and submerged leaves are often filamentous.
Physiological drought Physiological drought refers to the drought caused by plants' inability to absorb water in the soil due to water physiological reasons. If the concentration of soil solution is too high, the soil temperature is too low, and the soil is seriously deprived of oxygen, it will destroy the normal physiological process of water absorption by plant roots and cause water shortage.
Physiological drought means that the soil is not short of water, but other unfavorable soil conditions (such as low temperature) or the root system itself (such as weakened metabolism) make the root system unable to absorb water, and plants are short of water. Bad soil conditions, including salinity, low temperature, poor ventilation, harmful substances, etc., all hinder the root system from absorbing water and make plants short of water. The result of physiological drought is the same as that of soil and atmospheric drought.
Compound tissue: Two or more tissues perform some physiological functions together as a compound tissue. Common are epidermis, periderm, xylem and phloem. Corresponding to it are simple tissue, meristem, parenchyma and mechanical tissue.
Heartwood: refers to the central part of a living tree that no longer contains living cells, and its storage substances (such as starch) no longer exist or are converted into heartwood substances; Usually darker in color; It has no function of transporting juice and storing nutrients.
Heartwood is gradually transformed from sapwood.
Compared with sapwood, heartwood is characterized by dark color, dead parenchyma cells, strong corrosion resistance and infiltration (also called filler, secondary part of vessel and cell group formed by tracheid in wood aging).
Sapwood: the peripheral living layer of the secondary xylem of trees, whose function is to transport water and minerals to the crown. There is more water in the cells than heartwood, and there is no dark deposit common in heartwood. Light color, soft, generally easy to identify on the cross section (such as stumps). The proportion and morphological differences between heartwood and sapwood of various trees are different.
Commonly known as white label and white skin, it refers to the wooden part with living cells and storage substances in living trees; Located outside the trunk; Usually lighter in color; It has the functions of transporting juice, mechanically supporting and storing nutrients.
Intercropping and interplanting: Planting several crops on a piece of land according to certain row spacing, plant spacing and length-width ratio is called intercropping and interplanting. Generally, sowing several crops at the same time is called intercropping, and sowing at different times is called interplanting.
After intercropping, the field structure was adjusted, and the light consumption of single top surface was changed to alternate light consumption in layers and time-sharing, which improved the utilization efficiency of light energy.
Plant epidermal cells have no chloroplasts, why do guard cells have them?
Epidermal cells have no chloroplasts and are colorless and transparent. Its function is to facilitate the injection of light and ensure that mesophyll cells receive more sunlight. The palisade cells near the upper epidermis contain more chloroplasts. Guard cells contain chloroplasts, because the side of the cell wall facing the stomata (ventral side) is thicker and the side (dorsal side) is thinner, so it can be opened and closed with the change of cell internal pressure.
The concave cell wall of the guard cell is thicker than other parts, and there are chloroplasts in the cell. With the change of photosynthesis intensity, the swelling pressure of guard cells will also change accordingly, which will cause different responses of guard cells in shape and volume, and the stomata will also expand or shrink or close accordingly.
Exchange adsorption: under living conditions, root cells release a lot of carbon dioxide through respiration. Carbon dioxide can be dissolved in soil solution to generate carbonic acid, which can be dissociated into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions and adsorbed on the surface of root cells. There are also some cations and anions in the soil solution. The process of exchanging cations and anions adsorbed on the surface of root cells with those in soil solution is called exchange adsorption. After ion exchange, salt ions are adsorbed on the surface of root cells, preparing for further absorption of ions by roots. Cations and anions in the soil solution near the root system will be further supplemented from a distance. Exchange adsorption does not consume metabolic energy, has nothing to do with temperature, and occurs rapidly. It is non-metabolic. In agricultural production, timely intertillage can prevent soil hardening, and one of its functions is to promote root respiration, thus producing a large number of exchangeable hydrogen ions and carbonic acid.
Under strong light, chloroplasts are distributed near the cell wall. Why can they avoid being burned by strong light?
Chloroplasts in higher plants are ellipsoid, which can move under different light conditions and change the direction of ellipsoid, so that they can receive more light without being burned by strong light. Under strong light, chloroplast faces the light source with one side of its ellipsoid; In weak light, the ellipsoid of chloroplast faces the light source.
Respiration (whether the enzymes and reactants needed for the reaction are reversible or not, and the reaction type should also be recorded): glycolysis citric acid circulates electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation.
For the identification of Sedum plants, see P360, an excellent training course.
The movement of plants
1 free movement (lower plants; Higher plants have rhizomes, such as seven leaves and one flower with four leaves)
Sexual movement: phototropism (sunflower, cotton and peanut) geotropism (where the pollen tube enjoys boride) in hydrotropism.
Nose movement: night sensitivity (soybean, peanut, acacia, mimosa flowers at night, dandelion flowers at day, sweet potato tobacco flowers at night) and earthquake sensitivity (mimosa touches compound leaves).
4 chemotaxis: phototaxis chemotaxis
Short-day plants: soybean, tobacco, corn, millet, hemp, perilla, morning glory, chrysanthemum, xanthium.
Daytime plants: barley, wheat, oats, peas, radishes, mustard greens, spinach and Chinese cabbage.
flow of water
Water potential = osmotic potential (usually negative)+pressure potential (usually positive)+substrate potential (negative)
Osmotic potential is negatively correlated with osmotic pressure.
When the pressure potential is negative, under strong transpiration, the evaporated water on the cell wall surface is more than protoplasm, and the cell wall contracts with the contraction of protoplasm.
When the plasma wall is separated, the pressure potential is zero. Matrix potential is the value of water potential reduction caused by the hydrophilicity of cell colloid and the combination of capillary and water. Before vacuole formation, cells absorb water through imbibition, which is equal to the matrix potential. When the cell is completely expanded | osmotic potential | = pressure potential | but the sign is opposite, so the water potential is zero and the cell does not absorb water.
absorb
Passive absorption (non-metabolic absorption): no energy consumption, including simple diffusion and Dunant equilibrium (equilibrium when the product of negative ions and positive ions that can be diffused in cells is equal to the product of positive and negative ions outside cells).
Active absorption (metabolic absorption): energy consumption, inverse concentration difference
Alternation of nuclear phases: In the whole life history of plants, there is alternation of haploid nuclear phases and diploid nuclear phases.
Generation alternation: In the life history of plants, diploid sporophyte generations and haploid gametophyte generations alternate with each other.
① Same type, equal generation or generation alternation: In life history, sporophyte and gametophyte have exactly the same appearance, size, structure and meaning, and they can live independently, but there are differences in chromosome numbers between the two individuals, which only exist in algae plants, such as Ulva.
② Unequal generation alternation or heterogeneous generation alternation: The appearance of sporophyte and gametophyte is very different in life history.
There is nuclear phase alternation, not necessarily generation alternation, but there must be nuclear phase alternation.
Nuclear phase alternation: all algae except cyanobacteria have nuclear phase alternation.
There is nuclear phase alternation without generation alternation: Volvariella volvacea, Porphyra haitanensis and Chlamydomonas. Spirogyra. Carrageenan, etc.
Alternation of seedless stages and non-alternation of generations: oscillatoria (cyanobacteria)
No generation alternation: Spirogyra (green algae)
There are nuclear phase alternation and generation alternation: Polycystic algae (red algae)
Generation alternation: kelp (heteromorphism), Ulva lactuca (homomorphism), Ulva reticulata (homomorphism) and Yunshui Undaria pinnatifida (homomorphism).
It can also be simply said that there are nuclear phase alternation and generation alternation, and generation alternation is the follow-up of nuclear phase alternation.
4. Evolution of reproductive mode
Vegetative reproduction → asexual reproduction → sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction: Syngamy → Heterogamy → Ovipogamy.