And "joint venture company" in China generally refers to "joint venture", especially "Sino-foreign joint venture".
This brings some ambiguity:
1. Participating in subsidiaries: Being able to participate in shares means that the subsidiaries are "joint-stock companies" and are jointly funded by two or more enterprises (legal persons), but it may not be said that the subsidiaries are "Sino-foreign joint ventures", because the shareholders may all be domestic, and it can only be said that the subsidiaries are "joint-stock companies", but when the shareholders have a foreign investment background, they are "Sino-foreign joint ventures";
2. Holding subsidiaries: Holding refers to the company's shares accounting for more than 50% of its subsidiaries, which can be wholly-owned subsidiaries (i.e. 100% holding). Similarly, a subsidiary belongs to a joint-stock company, which may or may not be a Sino-foreign joint venture (except for 100% holding and no foreign investment background).