State-owned enterprises mean that all the capital of enterprises is owned by the state, including two parts: enterprises with state capital in a broad sense and state holding 100% in a narrow sense.
How to distinguish pure state-owned enterprises, state-owned holding enterprises and state-owned shareholding enterprises?
Pure state-owned refers to state-owned enterprises in a narrow sense, with state holding 100%. State-owned holding means that the state holds more than half of the shares. To put it bluntly, the state is the largest shareholder. State-owned joint-stock enterprises refer to the state's share participation, and there is no proportional requirement.
Second, what is a central enterprise?
Central enterprises are actually a branch of state-owned enterprises, which are actually enterprises owned by the whole people. It also includes broad sense and narrow sense. Central enterprises in a broad sense include enterprises that have managed resources, enterprises managed by CBRC, CSRC and CIRC, and enterprises managed by other departments in the State Council. Mainly including oil, five major banks, telecommunications, industry, railways, radio and television, and so on. In a narrow sense, central enterprises refer to enterprises supervised by SASAC.
Finally, what is a private enterprise?
Private enterprises, as the name implies, are privately invested and privately operated enterprises. Compared with state-owned enterprises, private enterprises are non-public enterprises. "Private" is also a word with China characteristics. To put it bluntly, it is only available at home and not abroad. There are two definitions in economics. First, it refers to private legal person economic entities that are responsible for their own profits and losses, and second, it refers to individual enterprises and private enterprises.
Private enterprises in China have a good development momentum, such as Laoganma, Xiaomi and Huawei, but there are also many problems, such as brain drain, low management level and risk management, so private enterprises still have a long way to go.
1. Central enterprises: Central enterprises usually refer to enterprises supervised and managed by the State Council SASAC. Generally, those who start with China belong to central enterprises, such as China National Nuclear Corporation, China Petroleum and Natural Gas Corporation, China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd. and so on.
2. State-owned enterprises: In fact, state-owned enterprises are also a kind of state-owned enterprises. Because you have subdivided it, the state-owned enterprises here should mainly refer to enterprises funded by the local government SASAC, such as local public transport groups, hotels named after their cities, financing guarantee leasing companies, high-speed companies established for the construction of expressways, and so on.
3. Private enterprises: Except for the above two types of enterprises, all enterprises belong to private enterprises, and the main investors of private enterprises are individuals or enterprises controlled by individuals, which have nothing to do with the government or have a small proportion of government investment.
The biggest difference between central enterprises, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises can be summarized in one sentence: "popularity is more important than ability."
In A Dream of Red Mansions, Guo Rongfu is like a typical state-owned enterprise group, and Yihongyuan, where Baoyu, the future successor of the group, lives, has become the most concerned "department" in the Grand View Garden. Working in such a hot department requires not only excellent professional quality, but also long-sleeved dancing and good interpersonal relationships with all walks of life.
Take Xiren and Qingwen, two "maids" of Yee Hong Courtyard, for example. They are all "airborne soldiers" sent by the Lady Dowager to take care of Baoyu. Compared with Qingwen, xiren's ability is slightly inferior, but because of her good popularity, she not only won Baoyu's great dependence and trust, but also won the appreciation of Grandmother Jia and the recognition of Mrs. Wang, and became a popular candidate for Baoyu's future concubine. Even Daiyu and Baochai were full of praise for xiren. Qingwen, the knitter's ability is far above attacking people (as can be seen from Qingwen's mending peacock's hair at night), and finally she was driven out of the Grand View Garden and died with a grudge.
Actually, I work in Yi Justin, which is quite relaxing. Generally speaking, it is not too busy, and there is no KPI assessment. Besides, Baoyu is kind and considerate, taking care of the maids. Qingwen could have been the half master of Yee Justin, but she didn't get a good end. On the one hand, she is too arrogant. On the other hand, because she didn't manage her personal relationship with the highest authorities well, she fell into the notoriety of "flattery" and copied.
This is what it feels like to work in a state-owned enterprise. Good popularity, as long as their own quality is not too bad, they can preserve our sanity and rise step by step. If you don't know how to maintain interpersonal relationships and restrain your personality, it is difficult to survive in state-owned enterprises with complicated interpersonal relationships and interests.
Cut to the chase: Nankai and CUHK alumni, companies and startups that have crossed the world's top 500.
Central enterprises, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises are divided according to who invests and who manages. Enterprises managed by SASAC directly under the State Council and its branches at all levels, such as Tiezong, China Railway, China Construction, PetroChina, Electric Power, Tobacco, and the four major banks, are all central enterprises and small counties in Beijing. Other state-owned enterprises refer to enterprises supervised by SASAC in provinces, cities and counties. At present, there are few enterprises managed by the county-level government, as if the county-level SASAC is only a department of the Finance Bureau. Not to mention private enterprises. Finally, with the deepening of reform, mixed economy has become a trend. For example, the well-known Beijing Tongrentang is affiliated to the Beijing State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Now less than 49% of the funds are invested by foreign capital and private enterprises, and more than 5 1 is state-owned investment. Therefore, with the development of the country and the deepening of reform, the future central enterprises, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises can no longer be understood according to traditional culture.
Enterprises in China are generally divided into state-owned enterprises and private enterprises. Central enterprises are part of state-owned enterprises, which are divided into central enterprises and local state-owned enterprises.
(1) What is a state-owned enterprise?
The full name of state-owned enterprises is "state-owned enterprises", and enterprises whose assets are supervised by the state and whose personnel are held by the state are called state-owned enterprises:
China Petroleum, China Petrochemical, China Mobile, State Grid, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and other things most commonly used by everyone are state-owned enterprises;
(2) What is a central enterprise?
The full name of central enterprises is "central enterprises", which are state-owned enterprises supervised and managed by the central government, such as those managed by the State Council State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Enterprises managed by CBRC, CIRC and CSRC; Enterprises managed by other departments or mass organizations in the State Council belong to central enterprises;
State Power, China Airlines, China Zhong Yi, China Ship, etc. all belong to central enterprises;
(3) What is a private enterprise?
Private enterprises refer to private enterprises other than state-owned enterprises, which are operated by individuals and are responsible for their own profits and losses; These enterprises have no state-owned assets, and enterprises belonging to personal assets belong to private enterprises;
Well-known enterprises such as Huawei, JD.COM, Gome, Suning, Evergrande and Country Garden are all private enterprises.
The so-called state-owned enterprises, that is, enterprises with more than 50% state holding, are controlled or owned by the state. The relationship between state-owned enterprises and central enterprises is one of tolerance and inclusion. State-owned enterprises, including central enterprises, have a wider scope than central enterprises. Central enterprises can be commonly understood as state-owned enterprises in state-owned enterprises. State-owned enterprises are divided into central enterprises and local enterprises.
1, from the perspective of regulatory authorities
Central enterprises-supervision and management of the central government
Local enterprises-local government supervision and management
Central enterprises and local enterprises are all state-owned enterprises, but state-owned enterprises are not necessarily central enterprises.
2. From the status point of view.
State-owned enterprises are the backbone of national economic development and the pillar of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. Central enterprises occupy a dominant position in the main industries and key fields of national security and national economy, and are an important pillar of national economy.
By the end of 20 18 and 1, there were 97 central enterprises in China, of which the first 49 were vice-ministerial central enterprises and the last 48 were department-level central enterprises.
private enterprise
Private enterprises, that is, private enterprises, do not have the concept of "private enterprises" in law, but a common name for non-public enterprises. Since it is a private enterprise, of course, there is no state shareholding. It is owned or controlled by a natural person or a legal person, operating independently and taking responsibility for its own profits and losses, and is bound by the Company Law. General private enterprises, one-person limited liability companies, partnerships, or limited liability companies and joint stock limited companies without state shares are all private enterprises.
Let's talk about the difference between state-owned enterprises and private enterprises:
Different treatment. There are many benefits in state-owned enterprises, and some awards will be issued on holidays, while there are relatively few private enterprises.
The working atmosphere is different. The working atmosphere of state-owned enterprises is relatively lazy, and the working atmosphere of private enterprises is relatively tense because of the great competitive pressure.
Promotion channels are different. State-owned enterprises mainly look at qualifications, while private enterprises mainly look at ability.
The development prospects are different. The development of state-owned enterprises is relatively limited, and private enterprises will have good development opportunities as long as you are strong enough.
Welfare is different. State-owned enterprises have five insurances and one gold, while private enterprises have only a few.
The working environment is different. The working environment of state-owned enterprises is good, and the environment of private enterprises makes people feel depressed.
Second, the difference between central enterprises and state-owned enterprises: central enterprises are a kind of state-owned enterprises, referred to as "state-owned enterprises" and "enterprises directly under the central government"; Central enterprises are all state-owned enterprises, but state-owned enterprises include enterprises directly under the central government, provincial enterprises, municipal enterprises and other state-owned enterprises.
It's easy to tell.
Simply put, an enterprise is the enterprise to which it belongs.
To put it bluntly, ownership or control is in the hands of the state or individuals. In technical terms, it is called the controlling shareholder.
If the controlling shareholder is a country or a government, it is called a state-owned enterprise; If it is private, it is a private enterprise.
For example, Huawei's controlling shareholder is Ren Zheng Fei, so it is obviously a private enterprise; On the contrary, Chengdu Tianfu New District Investment Group and Mianyang Kyushu Group are similar units controlled by the government, so they are state-owned enterprises.
Pay attention to the distinction between holding, not management and operation.
For example, in Gree Electric, Zhuhai, as we all know, the boss of management is Sister Dong of Dong Mingzhu.
But Gree is actually a state-owned enterprise, because the controlling party behind it is Zhuhai SASAC.
How do you distinguish between central enterprises and state-owned enterprises? Central enterprises are also state-owned enterprises, but they are also special state-owned enterprises.
There are three typical types:
Basically, the words "China" or "country" are often central enterprises, such as China Petroleum, China Aerospace, China Mobile, China Bank and State Grid.
On the other hand, most of the local provinces or cities are state-owned enterprises.
In that case, it should be easy to tell.
If you have any questions, please leave a message in the comments section.
Central enterprises and state-owned enterprises are deeply related, and the distinction is not very clear.
First of all, talk about central enterprises. 1999, most of the state-owned enterprises were in a bleak state of operation, and about 70% were at a loss. So at this time, the reform of state-owned enterprises appeared. At that time, in order to save state-owned enterprises, China spent more than 2 trillion yuan through financing, debt-to-equity swap, central reserve and discount loans, which was astronomical in 1990! Of course, in the next few decades, we witnessed the results, the top ten!
The central enterprises mentioned in daily life include three types: 1, enterprises managed by the State Council SASAC, such as military industry and telecommunications; 2. Enterprises with natural monopoly products, such as oil; 3 enterprises managed by mass task forces of other departments in the State Council, such as tobacco, gold, railways, ports, airports, radio and television, culture, publishing and other enterprises. The current number of central enterprises is 125.
Second, talk about state-owned enterprises. There are too many state-owned enterprises, but there are thousands of state-owned enterprises listed on the main board and enterprises controlled by local SASAC. To put it simply, state-owned holding and shareholding enterprises, or enterprises with state-owned assets owned by departments, and enterprises with local SASAC or relevant departments holding, indirectly holding and shareholding are all state-owned enterprises.
Finally, talk about private enterprises. To put it simply, private enterprises are self-employed, non-state-controlled and indirectly state-controlled enterprises, which belong to enterprises run by private natural persons.
From the point of view of differentiation, it is to distinguish according to the nature of controlling shareholders and participating shareholders.
How to better distinguish between central enterprises, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises? What kind of enterprise belongs to is mainly divided according to the shareholders who contribute. Different shareholders of an enterprise have different natures. If we understand it in this sense, I think it is more convenient to distinguish it.
First, central enterprises. They are all called enterprises directly under the central government or enterprises directly under the central government. It is divided into central enterprises in a broad sense and central enterprises in a narrow sense. Broadly speaking, central enterprises include three categories: first, central enterprises managed by the State Council State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, which are divided into those that provide public goods, such as military industry and telecommunications; Providing natural monopoly products, such as oil; Provide competitive products, such as general industry, construction and trade; Second, the central enterprises managed by the Ministry of Finance and Central Huijin Company belong to the financial industry, such as China Bank, China Agricultural Bank, China Industrial and Commercial Bank, China Construction Bank, Bank of Communications, China Development Bank, The Export-Import Bank of China, China Agricultural Development Bank, China Life Insurance Group, China People's Insurance Group, China Taiping Insurance Group and China Export Credit Insurance Corporation. Third, the central enterprises managed by other departments or mass organizations in the State Council, such as tobacco, gold, railway passenger and freight transportation, ports, airports, radio and television, culture, publishing and other industries. In a narrow sense, central enterprises usually refer to the central enterprises supervised and managed by the State Council SASAC.
Second, state-owned enterprises. State-owned enterprises include central enterprises and local state-owned enterprises. As explained in detail earlier, the central enterprises in state-owned enterprises are generally relatively large state-owned enterprises. In addition to the state-owned enterprises owned by central enterprises, there are also state-owned enterprises invested by local governments, which are divided into provincial enterprises, municipal enterprises and enterprises owned by districts and counties according to different investors. According to international practice, enterprises that invest in or hold more than 50% of state-owned assets are state-owned enterprises. Some state-owned enterprises were transformed from the original government departments, such as China Telecom and China Mobile, which were originally the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, and later reorganized into telecom enterprises such as China Telecom and China Mobile. State-owned enterprises refer to the unincorporated economic organizations whose assets are owned by the state and registered in accordance with the Regulations of People's Republic of China (PRC) Municipality on the Administration of Enterprise Legal Person Registration. State-owned enterprises are funded by the state-owned assets management department. After the implementation of the Company Law, many state-owned enterprises have been changed into limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies in accordance with the provisions of the Company Law, but there are also many wholly state-owned companies, not limited liability companies, but called holding group companies. For example, the full name of Chongqing Chemical Pharmaceutical Group where I used to work is "Chongqing Chemical Pharmaceutical Holding Group Company". In fact, it is an investment platform, and the subordinate enterprises belong to the enterprises invested by chemical medicine holding.
Third, private enterprises. Private enterprises are enterprises invested and managed by private capital. Private enterprises in China have basically developed after the reform and opening up. According to the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC), in the primary stage of socialism, the state adheres to the basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together. Private enterprises are also an important part of various economic sectors in China. Private enterprises in a broad sense correspond to wholly state-owned enterprises. As long as it is a private enterprise, it belongs to a private enterprise. Some private enterprises may contain state-owned capital, but the proportion of state-owned capital is relatively small. Private enterprises in a narrow sense refer to individual and private enterprises, as long as they are invested or managed by private capital, they all belong to private enterprises. At present, the total economic output of private enterprises in China has occupied half of the country, even exceeding that of state-owned enterprises, which has solved more than two-thirds of the population's employment and become the main body of employment channels in China.
To sum up, central enterprises also belong to state-owned enterprises, including central enterprises and local state-owned enterprises, and local state-owned enterprises include provincial enterprises, municipal enterprises, and district and county-owned enterprises. Different investors have different attributes of state-owned enterprises. Private enterprises are concepts corresponding to state-owned enterprises. Private enterprises are enterprises invested and operated by private capital, and they are also enterprises with the highest degree of marketization.