Current assets refer to the assets that can be realized or used by an enterprise within a business cycle of one year or more, and are an indispensable part of enterprise assets.
Current assets include monetary funds, short-term investments, notes receivable, accounts receivable and inventories.
The concept of current liabilities refers to the debts that will be repaid in a business cycle other than 1 year (including 1 year) or 1 year, including short-term loans, accounts payable, taxes payable and long-term loans due within one year.
Extended data:
From different angles, there are different classification methods. Moreover, different industries also have different current assets.
(A) according to the role of current assets in the production and operation of enterprises
1, the current assets of industrial enterprises can be divided into:
(1) Reserve assets: current assets in the production preparation stage from purchase to production, including raw materials and main materials, auxiliary materials, fuel, spare parts for repair, low-value consumables, packaging materials, outsourced semi-finished products, etc.
(2) Productive assets: current assets in the production process from input to finished product warehousing, including in-process products, self-made semi-finished products, prepaid expenses, etc.
(3) Finished goods assets: refers to the current assets of products from warehousing to sales, including finished goods, semi-finished products and spare parts for sale.
(4) Settlement assets: refers to various commodities, accounts receivable, notes receivable, etc. ;
(5) Monetary assets: refers to bank deposits, cash on hand, etc.
2, the current assets of commercial enterprises can be divided into:
(1) Commodity assets: including goods in stock and goods in transit;
(2) Non-commodity assets: including packages, materials and supplies, low-value consumables, beach fees, etc.
(3) Settlement assets: including various receivables, prepayments, notes receivable, etc.
(4) Monetary assets: including bank deposits, cash on hand, etc.
The proportion of similar liquid assets in industrial enterprises and commercial enterprises is very different, and the proportion of commercial enterprises is much higher than that of industrial enterprises.
(B) According to the manifestations of current assets
It can be divided into monetary current assets and physical current assets. Monetary current assets exist in monetary form, including the above-mentioned settlement assets and monetary assets; Current assets in physical form include the above-mentioned reserve assets, production assets and finished goods assets. These are the key points of current asset price verification.
(three) according to the needs of planning and management of current assets
Can be divided into fixed current assets and non-fixed current assets. Fixed current assets are the basic components of current assets, including raw materials, auxiliary materials, in-process products, self-made semi-finished products, finished products and so on. Non-fixed current assets include settlement assets and monetary funds.
Valuation method
The calculation of taxpayers' goods, materials, finished products and semi-finished products shall be based on the actual cost. The actual cost of taxpayer's inventory can be calculated by one of the first-in first-out method, last-in first-out method, weighted average method and moving average method.
Once the valuation method is selected, it shall not be changed at will. If it is really necessary to change the valuation method, it shall be reported to the competent tax authorities for the record before the start of the next tax year. (Excerpted from the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Provisional Regulations on Enterprise Income Tax in People's Republic of China (PRC))
The Measures for Pre-tax Deduction of Enterprise Income Tax (Guo Shui Fa [2000] No.84) stipulates that once the taxpayer's cost calculation method, indirect cost allocation method and inventory valuation method are determined, they shall not be changed at will. If it is really necessary to change, it shall be reported to the competent tax authorities for approval before the start of the next tax year. The approval of this project was cancelled on July 1 2004.
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