Lu Xun is a cultural giant in the 20th century. He has made great contributions to novels, essays, woodcuts, modern poems, old-style poems, translation of famous books, collation of ancient books, modern academics and so on.
An important factor of Lu Xun's success is his marriage, or his fate in a broader sense.
At that time, Lu Xun talked endlessly about Zhu An, actually for her own good. Zhu An was a woman devastated by feudal education. If Lu Xun divorced her, Zhu An would not remarry, and even Zhu An would be discriminated against in that society. The marriage with Zhu An can't be refused, but it can't be changed. She is a female representative who was completely destroyed by old ideas.
Xu Guangping was indeed a confidante of Lu Xun's life. Lu Xun and Xu Guangping met and fell in love on 1926. After falling in love with Xu Guangping, her thoughts also deeply influenced Lu Xun. Lu Xun immediately got rid of the creative trough, his thoughts were more radical than before, and he created more inspiring works.
In fact, Lu Xun just wants to find a spiritual partner, not necessarily as tall as him, but he also wants to match him in his heart. Unfortunately, fate played a joke.
Lu Xun and Xu Guangping
When I send your letter, I always like to send it to the post office, but I don't like to put it in the green iron tube in the street. I always suspected that it would be slower there, but I didn't like to be taken out, so I walked out slowly and said it was a walk. I put the letter in my pocket, knowing that it doesn't matter, but these things naturally seem to be secrets. When the letter is sent to the post office, the square wooden box at the door is unwilling to put it in, so it must be put under the table.
Love learning and making friends.
Lu Xun, 188 1, Zhou Jiaren, Xintaimen, Dongchangfang, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, was originally named Zhou Shuren. 1892, I went to Santan Yingyue to study. Later, due to the decline of the family, the whole family took refuge in the countryside and was often given a cold shoulder. Even the allocation of family housing is poor and small, which makes me feel cold.
From 65438 to 0898, Lu Xun entered the Nanjing Naval Academy. Later, he transferred to the Mining and Metallurgy School affiliated to Jiangnan Lushi School. 1March, 902, went to Japan to study at public expense. I studied Japanese at first, and then transferred to medicine. Later, because of his mother's request, Lu Xun had to go home to accept the engagement and marry Zhu An. But soon he returned to Japan to continue his studies.
He and Zhu An lived a loveless couple life for twenty years, while Zhu An did housework and supported her mother like a traditional Shaoxing daughter-in-law.
1909, after Lu Xun returned to China, he taught and worked in the government. 19 18 in may, a madman's diary was published under the pseudonym of Lu Xun, attacking the disadvantages of the family system and feudal ethics. In the following years, he published novels such as The True Story of Ah Q, Mourning for the Past and Kong Yiji.
1In the autumn of 923, Lu Xun gave a lecture at Beijing Women's Normal University (later renamed Beijing Women's Normal University) and met Xu Guangping.
Xu Guangping, 1898 was born in Guangzhou in February. 1923 was admitted to the Chinese Department of Beijing Women's Teachers College. Although it was in the flower season, I had a great desire to serve my country, so I was curious and admired Lu Xun.
On the day of Lu Xun's class, Xu Guangping sat in the first row of the classroom. Lu Xun was wearing a faded dark green robe and a faded black jacket. There are many patches on the clothes, even around the leather shoes. In Xu Guangping's impression, it was a mass of black. Where's the patch? It was a star in the dark, with bright eyes and two inches of hair. It was thick and hard, and it stood straight. It was really a rage. The speed of lectures is very fast. People often disappear when the bell rings, but no one skips classes.
After contact with Lu Xun, Xu Guangping found that Lu Xun was an approachable, kind and humorous person, so in the later class, Xu Guangping relaxed a lot and was particularly active in the class. Therefore, in Lu Xun's eyes, she is a clever and talented student.
1in March, 925, Xu Guangping wrote to Lu Xun for advice, and they had further contact, and the estranged teacher-student relationship made a breakthrough.
On August 8th, 1925, 15 students, including Liu Hezhen and Xu Guangping, were found to be disorderly and extremely harmful because of a notice of Women's Normal University. Parents and guarantors are required to come to the school as soon as possible to pick up the students and leave the school on the same day. Just as Xu Guangping was terrified and desperate, Lu Xun risked his life to lend a helping hand and invited Xu Guangping to live in his house.
In Lu Xun's home, Xu Guangping often helped Lu Xun copy manuscripts. 1925, Xu Guangping expressed his love for Lu Xun for the first time. But at first, Lu Xun hesitated, because he considered that Xu Guangping had to face the birthright of wives and concubines. At the same time, Lu Xun's words and deeds will also be concerned by the society. In addition, China's feudal thought is deeply rooted, and teachers and students are two generations, so it is unthinkable for teachers and students to fall in love.
192510 June 12, Xu Guangping took Lin Ping as his pen name and published an article "Passers-by" in the supplement of Lu Xun's National Newspaper, expressing that he would walk hand in hand with Lu Xun and run wholeheartedly in the direction of love.
1In August, 926, Lu Xun left Beijing to teach at Xiamen University, and Xu Guangping went south in the same car, and served as the discipline director of Guangdong Provincial Women's Normal School in Guangzhou.
1927 1 Lu Xun arrived in Guangzhou, where he served as academic director and head of literature department of Sun Yat-sen University, with Xu Guangping as teaching assistant. In the same year 65438+1October 65438+August, they lived together at No.23, Li Jingyun Second Lane, Yokohama East Road.
As soon as the news came out, many people criticized it for a long time. While in Shanghai, Lu Xun devoted himself to writing. In order to support and help Lu Xun, Xu Guangping gave up his job. Carefully take care of Lu Xun's diet and daily life, and also find relevant materials for Lu Xun, copy manuscripts, and proofread and translate with Lu Xun.
1929, Xu Guangping gave birth, and Lu Xun named him Zhou Haiying.
1930, Lu Xun was wanted by the Kuomintang for revolutionary struggle, and Xu Guangping accompanied Lu Xun to take refuge for many times.
1933 in may, the two men edited their previous letters into a book of two places and published it as a witness of their love.
1936 1 month, Lu Xun suffered severe pain in his shoulders and ribs. The doctor diagnosed him with stomach trouble, but he kept running a fever. By June, he was a little better, and everyone thought that his illness had healed. However, in June 65438 +654381October +08, he got sick again before dawn and couldn't stop breathing. 19 died at 5: 25 am on June 5.
In the following decades, Xu Guangping was determined to finish Lu Xun's unfinished business and sorted out a lot of Lu Xun's legacy until he died in Beijing on March 3, 1968.
Introduction to Oscar Wilde _ Introduction
Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin, 1854. He studied at Trinity College in Dublin and Magdalene College in Oxford. In his heyday, he was respected as a famous writer and language master for fifteen years. His luxurious life leads the social fashion, and his aesthetic thoughts set off a famous aesthetic movement in the history of literature. His strange clothes and straightforward personality made him famous.
As a talented poet and excellent literary critic, his literary achievements mainly lie in his poems and novels, and the most important thing is his plays, among which the most important thing is sincerity.
This is regarded as his masterpiece. Wilde was a maverick and wild man. He made many friends and made many enemies for himself. After a series of unfortunate incidents in 1895, he was convicted of indecency and sentenced to two years' imprisonment with hard labor.
1897 After he was released from prison, he went into exile, spent most of his time in France, and finally died in Paris. Wilde spent his later years in desolation, loneliness and self-abandonment. He was disgraced and down and out.
However, his wisdom and his works have not faded, and they are still radiant. Editor's Profile Editor Maria Leach is the author of "The Great Shame". This book is also published by Mike O'Mara Books Limited.
The year 2000 marks the 0/00th anniversary of the death of Oscar Wilde, a famous Irish writer, socialite and talented scholar in English literature. However, just 100 years ago, his immortal reputation was destroyed in an instant. Today, it is a useful attempt for us to think about the reasons!
The weapon that gave Wilde a fatal blow was so humble that it was just the most common little business card. However, there is such a scrawled word on it: dedicated to Oscar Wilde, the respectable man.
The person who wrote this provocative word was a grumpy aristocrat, John Schultu Douglas, the eighth Marquis of queensberry. He gave this card to Wilde in his nightclub, hoping to provoke this famous writer to do something stupid or say something stupid in a rage.
The Marquis's intention is very clear: he wants his youngest son, Lord Alfred Douglas, to sever the friendship with Wilde, who is 16 years older than him. He has made countless enemies for himself. His enemies finally waited for a good opportunity: England in the late Victorian era was angered, and Wilde's position plummeted, from the peak to the bottom, and he was no longer the darling of society. But he is still in the last battle.
On the day of the trial on April 26, although the evidence was against him, he made a wonderful defense for himself, so that it was difficult for the jury to make a decision and the case had to be retried. This time, the Presbyterian church has the upper hand. 1On May 25th, 895, Wilde was found guilty and served with hard labor for two years. At this time, it was only three and a half months before the successful premiere of his drama "Sincerity is the Most Important".
1On the night of his release from prison in May, 897, Wilde boarded a ship bound for France.
At this time, Wilde's reputation was ruined, his wife divorced him, and he was never allowed to see his children. He never set foot on English soil again. He wrote under the pseudonym Sebastian Melmos, hoping to make a comeback.
In the end, during this period, only one of his works, Song of Li Ding Prison, was written in France and published in Britain with no signature as 1898. During his exile in France, although Wilde was occasionally visited by friends, including loyal Robert Ross, Max Bierbaum and even his Bao Bo, Wilde's life was very painful. He is lonely, self-destructive and suffering from illness. 1900165438+1On October 30th, Wilde died of meningitis caused by ear infection in Paris. He ended his life in poverty, disease, pain and loneliness at the age of 46.
A writer who has fallen so fast and so heavily like Oscar Wilde is really unique. After Wilde was sentenced to prison, his plays were banned and his works were no longer published. Under the pressure of British piety and conservatism in the late Victorian period, Wilde, a genius, collapsed in this way, and he became a typical example of the moral degradation of decadent literati at the end of the century. Maybe he will soon be forgotten as a literary geek. However, the world without Wilde will soon become different: without Wilde, not only the British drama world, the whole literary world, but even the fashion world will be much poorer.
So gradually, his plays reappeared on the British stage, and his short stories and other works were published again. Gradually, people began to remember his manners and manners again, and even more remembered his dazzling wit.
Today, one hundred years after his death, Wilde still wins new admirers all over the world. As a playwright, the wonderful language in his works is widely quoted, and no one can compete with him except Shakespeare in the drama world; As a generation of gifted scholars, his humorous and lovely image has lived in people's hearts for a long time, and few people have this honor.
Shortly before his death, Wilde told a friend with a glass of champagne that if the new century comes and I am still alive, then Britain can't stand it. However, in the new century and the new millennium, Wilde still occupies an important corner of English literature.
Perhaps people will wonder why Wilde has such a high position, because his writings are not rich, the themes are not diverse, and there are not many works, and most of them are fables.
The reason may lie in his rich humanity! It is true that Wilde is not a master of literature, he is only a literary genius, but his significance is more than that. Although he has always been an aesthete and witty, what he has always hidden is his enthusiasm and tolerance. He is a romantic and witty person who walks his own way in adversity and has a deep understanding of life and human vanity.
As the preface of Oscar Wilde's witty remarks, this last sentence must be reserved for myself: we are all people who have fallen into the gutter, but some people are still counting the stars leisurely.
Zhang Haidi's famous words, Zhang Haidi's profile.
Introduction to Zhang Haidi:
Zhang Haidi, Han nationality, a native of Wendeng, Shandong Province, is a famous disabled writer in China with a master's degree in philosophy. On March 7th, 1983, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League held a naming commendation meeting to award Zhang Haidi the honorary title of outstanding Communist Youth League member and made a decision to learn from her. 1960 when Zhang Haidi was five years old, he got spinal hemangioma, which led to high paraplegia. He completed his primary school, middle school and university studies by himself, and studied acupuncture and medicine locally. Married Wang Zuoliang on July 23rd, 1982. 1983, the producer of China decided to establish Zhang Haidi as a propaganda idol. Zhang Haidi received two praises: one was the new Lei Feng in 1980s, and the other was the contemporary Paul. Zhang Haidi was a member of the 9th and 10th China People's Political Consultative Conference. In June 2008 165438+ 10, he was elected as the chairman of the fifth presidium of China Disabled Persons' Federation.
Zhang Haidi has a famous saying:
1, as long as your heart is still beating, you should study hard.
If you fall down a hundred times, you must stand up a hundred and one times!
3. Genius is born in pain.
I thank life for giving me a talking pen, so that I can talk and fight. I am not only alive, but also liberated my mind in writing.
As a woman, we should not be surprised by humiliation, nor by honor or shame. This is a realm of life.
6. Today, our life still needs surging passion. Only with passion can a person love life and have the motivation to live.
7. On the road of life, everyone will encounter difficulties and setbacks, depending on whether you can overcome them. If you fail, you are a hero and a strong man in life.
Like all people who are determined to struggle, I regard hard exploration as real happiness.
9. Everyone's life is a boat, and the ideal is the sail of the boat.
10, in difficult circumstances, we should build up confidence, believe that everything will pass, and encourage ourselves to overcome difficulties with an optimistic attitude.
1 1. When you suddenly face so many flashes, laughter and applause, it is most important to adjust yourself. What to do or what to do must always be like a clear water, so blue and so deep.
12, live to be a person who is beneficial to society.
13, fly even if your wings are broken.
14, I am like a meteor, I want to leave the light on earth.
15, if there is no constantly updated love, the flower of marriage will wither.
16, if there is a real if, I am a healthy person, and I think I will do better than now, even better than today.
17, if a person wants to struggle, his inner strength is eternal, and always relying on others' encouragement will not last long.
18, I am an ideal person, and I don't want to do nothing all my life and be a boring person. I don't feel very good unless I study more. I want to dedicate my life to my favorite career. Although my legs are not good, I have been so optimistic and enthusiastic about a better life for so many years.
19. If I can stand up, I think I will try dancing. Really, this is my deepest wish. Although I haven't danced for so many years, I haven't stopped dancing in my life. I think the dance of life may be more beautiful than the dance of reality.
Introduction to Wang Yangming _ Personal Information
Introduction to Wang Yangming _ Personal data is based on heaven and earth, life is for the people, the past serves the present, and the world is peaceful. This is the highest moral ideal of Confucianism put forward by Zhang Zai, a great scholar in the Song Dynasty, and it is not an exaggeration to describe Wang Yangming's life.
Wang Yangming was born in the middle of Ming Dynasty. In that era of social unrest, political corruption and academic discouragement, he cherished the ambition of becoming a saint, took the world as his own responsibility, and created remarkable achievements and theories. Wang Yangming suffered a lot in his life and failed many times. Later, he became an official in North Korea. When he was in charge of the Ministry of War, he was demoted to the post of Dragon Field for opposing Liu Jin and other eunuchs. Later, he was reused by the imperial court, and he made many meritorious deeds in quelling the chaos. He was awarded a new position and became an official of Nanjing Ministry of War.
In academic thought, he studied Zhu's Confucianism, and doubted the theory of "preserving nature and destroying human desires". He believes that Zhu's theory is not a real sage's study, and the theory of mind can explain this confusion. Therefore, he turned to Lu Jiuyuan's theory and founded the theory of mind and nature.
Looking at Wang Yangming's life course, although it was bumpy all the way, he made remarkable achievements in three aspects: establishing morality, making achievements and making statements, and became a celebrity in China history.
Mr. Guo Moruo, a famous scholar in China, once said: Wang Yangming is a great spiritual life, and he is the resurrection of Confucian spirit. Du Weiming, a professor at Harvard University, even believes that Wang Yangming is the source of Confucianism in the past 500 years.
It can be seen that Wang Yangming plays an important role in inheriting and establishing the traditional Confucian cultural spirit in China.
Wang Yangming's thoughts spread through the ages and resounded throughout the world.
Wang Yangming's thought can be roughly divided into three parts: mind is reason, unity of knowledge and action, and conscience.
Heart is the master of all things in the world, unreasonable outside the heart and nothing outside the heart, which is the basic view of the theory of mind. He believes that the human heart is the fundamental problem and the source of good and evil. Any external actions and things are dominated by thoughts, and everything is unified in the heart.
Wang Yangming's theory of "the unity of knowing and doing" corrected Zhu's view of knowing and doing with his behavior. He believes that knowing and doing are inseparable, knowing is the idea of doing, and doing is the kung fu of knowing; Knowing is the beginning of doing, and doing is the achievement of knowing. In short, we must do what we know and know what we do.
Wang Yangming's road to conscience, in his own words, comes from hundreds of deaths and sufferings, and is a little bit of true blood handed down by ancient sages. Everyone has a conscience. Conscience is to let the heart return to the true state of innocence, realize self-moral cultivation and standardize self-behavior through the consciousness of the subject.
Conscience is called the core part of Wang Yangming's mind.
Throughout his life, Wang Yangming adhered to the principle of self-control and adulthood. Starting from a good heart, everyone is equal, and mortals can also become saints. As long as we keep the mind as the noumenon, achieve nothing outside the heart, pursue a thorough original mind, be free and easy, and be detached, there is no difficulty at all! As soon as this thought was born, it had an enlightening effect, broke the imprisonment of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism and injected vitality into the depressed society. At that time, psychology occupied a dominant position in the academic field.
Wang Yangming's theory of mind aims to call for people's ontological consciousness and emphasize the individual's own value and the cultivation of human nature.
The study of mind not only had a great influence on the society at that time, but also had far-reaching significance to the society now.
Why was it tepid in China from the16th century, but it spread to neighboring countries, especially Japan, and even had a far-reaching impact on the Meiji Restoration? The book Yangming Studies in Japan, written by the Japanese, says that almost all the great achievements of the heroes of the Reform Movement were given by Wang Xue.
China students studying in Japan in the 20th century saw this scene: No matter on trains, trams or ferries, when traveling, they always saw many Japanese reading Handicrafts by Wang Yangming. After reading it, many people closed their eyes and sat motionless, as if absorbed in thinking about the essence of this philosophy.
Secondly, why is Wang Yangming's biography so difficult to read that many famous judges tell Wang Yangming's stories, achievements and deeds, such as the unity of knowledge and action and the principle of mind learning, but few people read the original biography intensively. What is the essence of mind learning? What is noumenon and consistency? Why do you have to read it yourself?
The conclusion of psychology is extremely simple, but simplicity is the ultimate complexity.