Class 4, Grade 5
Tang Lin
Ships have experienced canoe and wooden boat times since prehistoric times. 1879 After the world's first steel ship came out, it began to be dominated by steel ships. The propulsion of ships has also developed from relying on manpower, animal power and wind power (that is, pole pulling, rowing, paddling, fiber pulling and sailing) to using machines to drive.
1807, Fulton, USA built the first steam engine ship "clermont" with a speed of about 8 km/h; 1839, Archimedes, the first steam engine ship with propeller propeller, came out, with a main engine power of 58.8 kilowatts. This kind of propeller has fully demonstrated its superiority, so it has been popularized rapidly.
1868, China's first steam engine warship "Huiji" with a load of 600 tons and a power of 288 kilowatts was successfully built. 1894, British Parsons used the reactive steam turbine he invented as the main engine, which was installed on the speedboat "Turbo Nia" and successfully tried on the Thames, with the speed exceeding 60 kilometers per hour.
The speed of steam turbine and propeller in early steam turbine ships was the same. After about 19 1[2]? In 2000, gear reduction, electric drive reduction and hydraulic drive reduction devices appeared. After that, all marine turbines began to adopt deceleration drive mode.
1902 to 1903 France built a diesel waterway ship. 1903, the Russian-made diesel ship "Vandal" was launched. In the mid-20th century, the diesel engine power plant became the main power plant of the transport ship.
1947, Britain first modified the gas turbine for aviation, and then installed it on the coastal speedboat "Gatelick" to replace the original gasoline engine. The main engine power is 1837 kW and the rotating speed is 3600 rpm. Propeller is driven by gear reducer and shafting. The unit weight of this device is only 2.08kg/kW, which is much lighter than other devices. In 1960s, large and medium-sized surface ships with combined power plant of gas turbine and steam turbine reappeared.
In contemporary countries with strong naval forces, in large and medium-sized ships, except for high-power steam turbine power plants, gas turbine power plants are almost always used. In civil ships, gas turbines are rarely used because their efficiency is lower than that of diesel engines.
The discovery and utilization of atomic energy has opened up a new way for ship power. 1954, the American-built nuclear submarine Nautilus was launched with power11025kW and speed of 33km. 1959, the former Soviet Union built the nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin" with a power of 32,340 kilowatts; In the same year, the American nuclear-powered merchant ship Savannah was launched with a power of 14700 kW.
The existing nuclear power plants all adopt pressurized water reactor nuclear reactor steam turbine, which is mainly used for submarines and aircraft carriers, but it has not been developed on civil ships due to economic reasons. The appearance of nuclear batteries has solved these problems, which means that ships powered by nuclear batteries can be manufactured in batches. In 1970s and 1980s, in order to save energy, some countries absorbed the advantages of motorized sailboats and developed a kind of ship with engine as the main body and sail as the navigation aid. The electronic computer is used for joint control, and the "New Aide Pill" built in Japan is the representative of this kind of energy-saving ship.
Ancient Egyptian cultural relics are painted with patterns of ships, and Egyptian ships mainly sail on the Nile. In ancient Greece, sailing boats and multi-paddle boats were widely used. /kloc-deck ships appeared in the 0 th and 6 th centuries, and the era of great navigation came. Until the end of 18, multi-paddle boats were still used in the Mediterranean, even in northern Europe until the beginning of 19. China has a long history of using ships, which was in the leading position in the world before16th century, and China's shipbuilding industry reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty. This provided a strong material guarantee for Zheng He's voyage to the West. According to the Biography of Zheng He in the Ming Dynasty, Zheng Hebao was 44 feet long and 18 feet wide, which was the largest seagoing ship in the world at that time, equivalent to 1.5 1. 18 meters long and 6 1.6 meters wide. The ship is divided into four floors. Nine masts on the ship can hang 12 sails, and the anchor weighs several thousand kilograms. It takes two hundred people to sail together, and a ship can hold more than one thousand people.
Modern chuanqiao
Ancient China was a pioneer in shipbuilding and navigation at that time. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were shipyards that could make warships. In the Han dynasty, ships with rudders could be made; During the Tang and Song Dynasties, both river boats and sea boats made remarkable progress, and waterproof partitions were invented. Zheng He's treasure ship, which made seven voyages to the West in the Ming Dynasty, was in the leading position in the world in terms of scale, performance and voyage range.
Liu Xiang's Note to The Book of the World: The ancients thought that fallen leaves were boats. People in China realized the principle of boats, because they saw fallen leaves floating on the water instead of sinking. This is similar to the principle of Luban's realization of chainsaw. Probably, people in China are naturally attracted by wood and always get endless inspiration from it.
Before the ship was formed, the flooded things were generally floating tools such as trees, bamboo reeds, gourds and rafts. Rafts started with floating tools and were improved. It is a bit "unprecedented" to help the river first and then float the sea. Confucius said, "Tao cannot be done, but floats on the sea with a fork." Maybe his old man's house is a little adventurous in self-appreciation.
"Collection of Arts and Literature" contains: In the West, boats were offered in Japan. Yue people are synonymous with wading in ancient Chinese. "Water travels on mountains, boats are cars, and horses are horses. If you go like the wind, it's hard to go. " It is conceivable that this ship will be a tribute to the king, and then the Vietnamese ship will be built better. Also, the ship will build all the way, cross the East China Sea, cross the Yellow Sea, cross the Bohai Sea, enter the Yellow River, go upstream and enter the Weihe River, and finally reach the capital city Zhoudu, and the practical performance and navigation skills of the ship are not bad.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, great powers competed for hegemony, and shipbuilding and navigation developed rapidly. Yue Jueshu said: The capital moved from Huiji to Langya, and 2,800 sailors "cut pine and cypress". The coastal north is already magnificent. For Qin, Xu Fu and 3000 boys and girls, they went out to sea by boat to find the elixir of life. It is not difficult to imagine the size of this ship. With ships, the Maritime Silk Road started from Guhepu County around the middle of the Western Han Dynasty and can lead to India and Sri Lanka. It can be regarded as the first truly maritime international trade route in the world. During the Three Kingdoms period, in the second year of Wu Huanglong, Sun Quan "sent generals Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi to float ten thousand people into the sea to seek Yizhou and Xiezhou", and Yizhou, now Taiwan Province Province and Xiezhou, was a Japanese archipelago.
Wooden boats began to paddle by hand, and later they had sails and paddles. Paddle is evolved from long paddle, which is another tool for human power to propel the ship and also a tool for controlling the course of the ship. It is China's outstanding contribution to world shipbuilding and navigation technology.
At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the monk Fa Xian went west to seek abstinence, which lasted 14 years and was critically ill several times. Finally, at the age of 70, he sailed home alone, carrying a large number of Buddhist scriptures that later had a great influence on China. Later, the old man and Buddhabhadra, a Nepalese monk who came to China, translated these Buddhist scriptures together.
Yang Di was overjoyed and recruited a large number of migrant workers for many times. He cut down a lot of timber in Jiangnan and built tens of thousands of dragon boats and various flower boats. The largest dragon boat * * * has four floors, 45 feet high and 200 feet long. On the upper floor, there are Daxiong Hall, Inner Hall and East-West Hall, and on the middle floor, there are 120 rooms, all of which are "decorated with Danfen, resplendent and beautifully carved". Later, the emperor, who spent as much time as his dragon boat, visited Jiangdu several times by boat, having fun in the meat forest of the wine pool day and night, and finally lost his country.
In the Tang Dynasty, tenon wood technology and advanced technologies such as watertight cabin, yellow keel, wax anti-sway device, paint anti-corrosion technology and metal anchor were widely used in shipbuilding. At this time, the warships were named Louchuan, Meng Chong, Douchuan, Zouge, Haijuan and Yacht. The largest warship was "Hezhou", which took three years and "carried three thousand people, twice as many meters". Since the opening of the Maritime Silk Road in the Western Han Dynasty, the maritime exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and other countries have reached all-round prosperity, and Chang 'an has become an international metropolis. Ambassadors, students, monks and businessmen from overseas countries kept coming to China to learn China's advanced culture and political laws and regulations. Since then, China people have been called "Tang people" overseas. As the most powerful developed country in the world at that time, the Tang people opened many sea routes and reached Nanyang, West Asia and East Africa many times. Monks still went to Japan in the Tang Dynasty. The famous Jian Zhen traveled to Japan six times from 743 to 754 12 years, and finally reached the land of Japan with extraordinary faith and tenacious perseverance.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, due to the continuous expansion of overseas trade, the scale of maritime and inland transportation was far ahead of the previous generation. The shipbuilding industry is very developed, and Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong have become the centers for building seagoing ships. By the Song Dynasty, shipyards had been used for shipbuilding and ship repair, and the method of launching by slideway was created. Many ports have set up shipping companies to manage overseas trade, especially Mingzhou, Guangzhou, Quanzhou and Hangzhou, which were the most famous ports before the Qing Dynasty.
In the Yuan Dynasty, China accumulated fame for hundreds of years and frequently attracted envoys from western countries. Missionaries, businessmen and travelers flocked to China. Kyle Polo spent 17 years, which won Kublai Khan's trust and reuse. 129 1 year, Kublai Khan ordered thirteen ships, each with four masts and twelve sails, and sent Kyle Poirot to set sail from Quanzhou to escort Princess Kokejin to get married in Persia.
This is probably the beginning of an ancient oriental fairy tale full of porcelain and silk floating to the world.
Development of shipbuilding industry in China
The shipbuilding industry in modern China developed slowly. From 1865 to 1866, the Qing government successively established Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, and built warships such as Bao Min, Jianwei and Pinghai, and passenger and cargo ships such as Jiangxin and Jianghua along the Yangtze River.
After the founding of New China, the shipbuilding industry has developed greatly. In 1950s, a number of coastal passenger and cargo ships, cargo ships and oil tankers were built. Since the 1960s, China's shipbuilding capacity has improved rapidly, and various types of ocean carriers, Yangtze River carriers, offshore oil development ships, ocean survey ships, military ships and sea surveillance ships have been built successively, with the tonnage of large ocean ships reaching more than 300,000 deadweight tons. Except for a few special ships, China has been able to design and manufacture various military and civilian ships.
The share of China shipbuilding in the world shipbuilding market has increased rapidly, and the position of China shipbuilding industry in the international market has been further enhanced in 2008 and 2009: in 2008, China's shipbuilding completion, new ship orders and hand-held ship orders accounted for 29.5%, 37.7% and 35.5% of the world market share respectively; Compared with the same period in 2007, the volume of completed orders and hand-held orders increased by 6.5% and 2.5% respectively; China's shipbuilding completion and hand-held ship orders have maintained rapid growth for six consecutive years, and the three major shipbuilding indicators have completely surpassed Japan to become the second largest shipbuilding country in the world. In 2009, China's shipbuilding completion, new ship orders and hand-held ship orders accounted for 34.8%, 6 1.6% and 38.5% of the world shipbuilding market respectively. Compared with the end of 2008, it increased by 5.3%, 23.9% and 3% respectively; Judging from the volume of new ship orders in 2009, China has become the world's number one by the end of 2009; At the end of 2009, China has become the first in the world in terms of hand-held order share; At the end of 2009, China has become the second in the world in terms of shipbuilding completion; Two of the three shipbuilding indexes have surpassed Japan, so far, China has become the largest shipbuilding country in the world.