(1) The scale of the guarantee market has initially appeared.
The practice of credit guarantee for small and medium-sized enterprises in China began at 1992. 1999 On June 4th, the State Economic and Trade Commission issued "Guiding Opinions on Establishing a Pilot Credit Guarantee System for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises", aiming at implementing the government's policy of supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, the credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises was officially launched. On August 24, 2000, the General Office of the State Council issued "Several Policy Opinions on Encouraging and Promoting the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises", and the credit guarantee system of small and medium-sized enterprises in China began to enter the stage of system construction, establishment of national credit re-guarantee institutions and improvement of socialized credit system. As of July 2006, 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government have established more than 200 urban credit guarantee institutions for SMEs, 13 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government have established provincial credit re-guarantee institutions for SMEs, raising various types of guarantee funds 10 billion yuan, which is expected to provide 20 billion to 50 billion yuan of guarantee support for SMEs every year. In addition, there are more than 100 commercial guarantee companies and mutual guarantee institutions providing guarantee services for SMEs. The market scale of China guarantee began to appear.
(2) The market system has been continuously improved. On August 24th, 2000, the General Office of the State Council issued "Several Policy Opinions on Encouraging and Promoting the Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises" (Guo Ban Fa [2000] No.59), and decided to speed up the establishment of a credit guarantee system. Governments at all levels and relevant departments are required to speed up the establishment of a credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises at the central, provincial and municipal levels, especially high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises. Establish and improve the access system, fund assistance system, credit evaluation and risk control system, industry coordination system and self-discipline system of guarantee institutions. China's guarantee market began to enter the stage of system construction, the establishment of national credit re-guarantee institutions and the improvement of system construction, and the market system began to improve.
(C) SME credit guarantee system framework initially formed
Since 20 14, with the continuous efforts of governments at all levels, the framework of credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises in China has taken shape. The framework of credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises has taken shape. The credit guarantee system of small and medium-sized enterprises consists of one body and two wings. One refers to the credit guarantee system of small and medium-sized enterprises at the city, province and county levels, and the national small and medium-sized enterprise credit re-guarantee institution takes the provincial small and medium-sized enterprise credit guarantee institution as the re-guarantee service object; Provincial SME credit guarantee institutions take urban SME credit guarantee institutions as re-guarantee service targets; City SME credit guarantee institutions take community mutual guarantee institutions and commercial guarantee institutions as re-guarantee service objects and engage in credit guarantee business. The two wings refer to mutual guarantee institutions and commercial guarantee institutions serving small and medium-sized enterprises in urban and rural communities. They are the basis of the credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises and engage in direct guarantee business for small and medium-sized enterprises. Commercial guarantee institutions and mutual guarantee institutions shall enjoy the re-guarantee service and risk sharing provided by SME credit guarantee institutions in accordance with state regulations and agreements.
(D) Small and medium-sized enterprise guarantee pilot practice mode is diverse.
The practice mode of credit guarantee system construction of small and medium-sized enterprises in China presents a diversified development trend, which can be summarized into three specific modes: credit guarantee, mutual guarantee and commercial guarantee. Credit guarantee institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises are an important part of the socialization promotion system for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and also an important basis for establishing the government's policy system for promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. This paper discusses the common practice of government supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises under the conditions of market economy system and economic globalization. Mutual guarantee institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises are distributed in urban and rural communities in China, serving small and medium-sized enterprises and engaging in direct guarantee business for small and medium-sized enterprises, which is the basis of the credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises.
Mutual guarantee institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises are self-established guarantee institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises to alleviate their own loan difficulties. Its main purpose and characteristics are self-investment, self-service, independent legal person, at your own risk, and not taking profit as the main purpose. Commercial guarantee institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises started earlier, but due to the disproportionate guarantee risk and guarantee income, except for a few state-owned commercial guarantee companies with government background, other commercial guarantee companies developed slowly. In addition to the above three modes, in some places, the financial department of the government cooperates with commercial guarantee companies. The financial department promises the guarantee responsibility to banks and recommends small and medium-sized enterprises. The commercial guarantee companies handle specific guarantee procedures and conduct pilot projects for banks to issue loans to small and medium-sized enterprises. Some local state-owned investment companies provide guarantees for small and medium-sized enterprises in the name of enterprises, and collect remuneration for providing guarantees in the name of consulting fees. In other places, in order to help laid-off workers start businesses, civil servants are explored to provide small personal guarantees for entrepreneurs to borrow from banks.
(V) The construction of credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises in various places is progressing well.
By the end of February, 2003, 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, including Jinan, Tongling, Zhenjiang, Changchun, Chongqing, Zunyi, Chuxiong, Yili, Xianyang, Jixi, Anshan, Taiyuan, Fuzhou, Jiaxing, Liuzhou, Mianyang, Maanshan, Baotou, Fushun and Shenzhen, had launched the pilot credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises at the provincial or municipal level. The development speed of mutual guarantee and commercial guarantee institutions for SMEs in Guangdong, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Anhui, Sichuan, Shanghai and Beijing has also been greatly accelerated. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 200 mutual guarantee and commercial guarantee institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises in China. More than a dozen provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, such as Henan, Jilin, Ningxia, Tianjin, Shandong, Guizhou, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi and Hebei, began to set up provincial-level guarantee institutions and carry out re-guarantee pilot projects.
In the construction of credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises in China, the earliest provinces to study or establish provincial re-guarantee institutions are Henan, Inner Mongolia, Jilin and Ningxia. The first private joint-stock company in China with small and medium-sized enterprises as its main guarantee business is Shenzhen Zhongke Zhi Guarantee Service Co., Ltd.; The first SME credit guarantee association in China is the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region SME Credit Guarantee Association; Chongqing and Shanghai are the first municipalities directly under the central government to explore the guarantee of small and medium-sized enterprises in China; Tianjin is the first city in China to set up a credit guarantee center for SMEs. The earliest companies in China to offer SME guarantee business are Shenzhen Hi-tech Industry Investment Service Co., Ltd., China Economic and Technological Investment Guarantee Company and Sichuan Economic and Technological Investment Guarantee Company. The first SME credit guarantee company jointly established by the government and private enterprises in China is Zhuhai SME credit guarantee company; Henan Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are the first countries in China to establish provincial re-guarantee and municipal credit guarantee systems. The first SME credit guarantee center in China funded by an international organization is Zhenjiang SME Credit Guarantee Center.
According to preliminary statistics, among the above-mentioned SME guarantee institutions, according to the actual guarantee funds, they are SME credit guarantee institutions, mutual guarantee institutions and commercial guarantee institutions respectively. According to preliminary statistics, the guarantee funds of SME credit guarantee institutions are about 6 billion yuan, including 45% from local budget, 30% from economic, trade, science and technology, planning and competent departments, 15% from member enterprises and individuals, and 10% from asset allocation. Judging from the pilot situation in various places, there are three main legal forms of established SME guarantee institutions: first, enterprise legal persons (accounting for 35%), commonly known as provincial and municipal SME credit guarantee centers, funded by local governments, but all adopt enterprise management and market-oriented operation and adopt membership system. The provinces and cities that set up SME credit guarantee centers are Tianjin, Chongqing, Henan, Ningxia and Qinghai, Jinan, Tongling, Zhenjiang, Shenzhen, Yili, Qingdao, Jixi, Xianyang, Zunyi and Bayinguoleng, and some development zones. Second, enterprise legal persons (accounting for 50%), commonly known as provincial and municipal SME credit guarantee companies, absorb other funds while local governments invest and operate in accordance with the Company Law. The provinces and cities that set up SME credit guarantee companies are Jilin, Shandong, Guizhou, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Shanxi and Changchun, Baotou, Jilin and Zhuhai. Third, corporate bodies, generally known as provincial and municipal SME credit guarantee associations, such as the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region SME credit guarantee association. In addition to the above-mentioned SME credit guarantee institutions, mutual guarantee and commercial guarantee institutions are generally registered as companies, but the word credit is not marked.