Article 51 Non-current liabilities of small enterprises refer to liabilities other than current liabilities.
Non-current liabilities of small enterprises include long-term loans and long-term payables.
The interpretation of this paper is about the definition and composition of non-current liabilities.
Generally speaking, in order to meet the needs of production and operation, especially in order to expand the business scale of small enterprises, it is necessary for small enterprises to purchase and build machinery and equipment and build or expand factories. All these require a lot of long-term investment, and the production and operation funds owned by small enterprises cannot meet this demand. To this end, long-term funds need to be raised. There are two main ways to raise long-term funds: one is that investors invest new capital (or shareholders add investment); The other is borrowing long-term liabilities, which is also commonly known as? Debt management? , mainly to borrow long-term loans from banks or other financial institutions. Long-term loans are non-current liabilities of small enterprises, so non-current liabilities are an important content to be standardized in this standard.
I. Definition of non-current liabilities
When this standard is classified, what is actually used? Dichotomy? That is, as long as a liability is not a current liability, it is a non-current liability, but the premise is to determine whether it is a current liability.
Non-current liabilities not only have the same characteristics as liabilities, but also have the characteristics of large amount of liabilities, long repayment period and installment repayment compared with current liabilities.
Second, the composition of non-current liabilities
Non-current liabilities of small enterprises mainly include long-term loans and long-term payables. If there are government subsidies, it will also involve deferred revenue.
(1) For long-term loans, please refer to the explanation in Article 52 of this Standard.
(2) Long-term payables refer to all kinds of long-term payables of small enterprises except long-term loans. Including: the "rental fee" for small enterprises to finance the lease of fixed assets and the payable amount for purchasing fixed assets by stages.
(c) Deferred income, mainly due to small enterprises receiving government subsidies related to assets.
The accounting subjects involved in this paper: Should small enterprises set up? 240 1 deferred revenue? 、? 250 1 long-term loan? And then what? 270 1 long-term payables? Wait for three accounting subjects.
Article 52 Non-current liabilities shall be accounted for according to the actual amount incurred.
Long-term loans shall be accrued with interest expense according to the loan principal and the loan contract interest rate on the interest payable date, and included in the relevant asset cost or financial expense.
The interpretation of this paper is about the measurement of non-current liabilities.
The measurement of non-current liabilities of small enterprises is also an indispensable part of accounting treatment of non-current liabilities.
Article 37 of the Regulations on the Implementation of the Enterprise Income Tax Law stipulates that reasonable borrowing costs incurred by enterprises in their production and business activities that do not need capitalization are allowed to be deducted. Where an enterprise borrows money for the purchase and construction of fixed assets, intangible assets and inventories that have been built for more than 65,438+02 months and can reach a predetermined saleable state after construction, the reasonable borrowing costs incurred in the process of purchasing and constructing related assets shall be included in the cost of related assets as capital expenditures and deducted in accordance with the provisions of this Ordinance. Other borrowing costs are not capitalized. ? Article 38 stipulates that the following interest expenses incurred by an enterprise in its production and operation activities are allowed to be deducted: (1) interest expenses incurred by non-financial enterprises in borrowing from financial enterprises, interest expenses incurred by various deposits and interbank lending of financial enterprises, and interest expenses incurred by enterprises in issuing bonds upon approval; (two) the interest expenses of non-financial enterprises borrowing from non-financial enterprises shall not exceed the amount calculated according to the interest rate of similar loans of financial enterprises in the same period. ? At the same time, Article 18 stipulates that the term "interest income" as mentioned in Item (5) of Article 6 of the Enterprise Income Tax Law refers to the income that an enterprise provides funds to others for use, but it does not constitute rights and interests, or that others occupy enterprise funds, including deposit interest, loan interest, bond interest, arrears interest and other income. Interest income, according to the date of interest payable by the debtor as agreed in the contract, confirms the realization of income. ?
In order to simplify the accounting of small enterprises and reduce the burden of income tax adjustment, this article adopts the provisions consistent with the enterprise income tax law, that is, interest expenses are accrued on the interest payable date.
I. Measurement Principles of Non-current Liabilities
The non-current liabilities of small enterprises should be accounted for according to their actual amount, that is, the non-current liabilities of small enterprises do not need to consider the time value factor and market price factor, but only need to be accounted for according to the actual amount. Once the non-current liabilities of small enterprises are recorded, they are not allowed to be adjusted according to market prices or other fair values during the existence of non-current liabilities.
Second, the definition of long-term loans
Long-term loans refer to all kinds of loans borrowed by small enterprises from banks or other financial institutions with a term of more than 1 year. As can be seen from the definition of long-term loans, long-term loans of small enterprises have the following basic characteristics:
(1) Its creditors include not only banks, but also other financial institutions, such as microfinance companies. In practice, if a small enterprise borrows money from a third party (such as an individual), it should also be treated as a long-term loan, but if the term is within 1 year, it should be treated as a short-term loan.
(2) The loan term is long, exceeding 1 year (excluding 1 year).
(three) not only should repay the loan principal, according to the time value of funds, but also pay the corresponding interest expenses.
(4) Long-term loans include not only RMB loans, but also foreign currency loans.
Three, long-term loan interest expense accounting treatment
There are two key points in the accounting treatment of long-term loan interest expenses:
(1) Accrual date of long-term loan interest expense: the interest payable date agreed in the loan contract is neither the actual interest payment date nor the balance sheet date (such as the end of the month, the end of the quarter and the end of the year), that is, interest expense does not need to be accrued.
(two) long-term loan interest expenses should be accounted for in two cases:
1. If it meets the capitalization conditions, it shall be included in the cost of fixed assets, intangible assets, inventory and other related assets.
2 does not meet the capitalization conditions, should be included in the financial expenses.
The accounting subjects involved in this paper: Should small enterprises set up? 240 1 deferred revenue? 、? 250 1 long-term loan? And then what? 270 1 long-term payables? Wait for three accounting subjects.
Examples of application of this article
Example 3-6 Company A borrowed 400,000 yuan from the bank on October 0, 2065,438+03,65,438 to supplement the shortage of working capital. The loan term is 3 years, the annual interest rate is 8.4%, and the principal will be repaid in one lump sum at maturity. The borrowed money has been deposited in the bank. Company A shall prepare the following accounting entries:
(1) When obtaining a loan:
Debit: Bank 400,000.
Loan: Long-term loan of 400,000 yuan.
(2) Accrue long-term loan interest annually:
Debit: Financial expenses 33 600
Credit: interest payable 33 600
(3) Loan interest actually paid at the end of the year:
Debit: Interest payable 33 600
Credit: Bank deposit 33 600