The definition of socialism
Social form analysis
Slave society is a mode in which some people use force to squeeze the fruits of slave labor for simple interests.
Feudal society is a mode in which some people simply squeeze the fruits of farmers' labor with land ownership to make profits.
Capital society is a model in which some people take capital as the basis, extract the fruits of labor and make profits simply.
Social society is a non-personal profit-making model based on group interests and distribution according to work.
* * * Production society is a social model in which the productive forces are highly developed, the interests become meaningless and people pursue spiritual civilization.
There is no leader in the class. Marxist view of history has proved that it is the people who promote social development, and social development has certain inevitability. "Heroes" can only play a role in promoting and hindering, and everything depends on the development level of productive forces.
China belongs to the primary stage of socialism, and the main contradiction is the contradiction between low productivity and advanced social consciousness. In China society, some developed capitalist things are also used to develop productive forces. Lenin said that exploitation exists in the primary stage of socialism. In this sense, China has not deviated from the socialist form, which mainly depends on whether the powerful socialist regime can control the capitalist elements in the existing society within a certain range and whether it still has strong economic control ability. China has successfully achieved sustained economic development in the context of the global financial crisis, which also proves that the main body of socialism in China has not changed.
Capital society does hinder production efficiency, because its goal is the interests of individuals or small groups, not social interests. Therefore, Marx's assertion that the capital society is bound to move towards socialism is correct, but it will exist for a long time, rather than developing to Marx's assertion that it will inevitably perish in the imperialist stage. Because capitalist countries will also use some socialist elements to alleviate domestic contradictions. For example, improving the treatment of workers and so on.
Establishing monopoly profit is the development goal of capital society, and the ultimate development of capital society will be that capitalists control all resources and working people have nothing. This is not what people yearn for, and it is impossible to achieve. The economic crisis in capitalist society is inevitable and bound to go to extremes, that is, the more developed the productive forces, the more serious the economic crisis, which will inevitably hinder the future development of capitalism.
In capitalist society, capitalists control the means of production and state power. It is impossible for capitalists to hand over these things involving interests, which will inevitably intensify social contradictions and break out the socialist revolution.
(Comment: The bourgeoisie will not brutally exploit the people to start a revolution, which is not in their long-term interests. They will improve their labor treatment, even for a long time, which will be better than socialist countries with insufficient social development. )
Socialism is a transitional period to * * * productism. While actively developing productive forces, people began to pursue more spiritual civilization and show more mutual assistance among people.
Socialism is bound to advance in twists and turns, and every advanced social form has to go through a long struggle to replace the backward social form. The fundamental substitution of socialism for capitalism depends not on the socialist revolution, but on the qualitative leap of socialist productive forces.
Marx's exposition on * * * productism is bound to come true, and we see hope from the current development of science and technology and the trend of machines replacing labor. When the productivity is highly developed and exceeds people's demand, it reaches * * * productism. Just like no one will pay for their own breathing, because there is enough air. So for air, we have reached the output of * * *.
In a capitalist society, people don't have to worry about laziness. Material civilization has been highly developed, so people don't have to worry about their lives. No one wants to do nothing all his life, and people must prove the value of their existence with their own actions. Everyone can choose their own industry in most love and fight for their ideals, no matter what the cost, even if it takes a lifetime.
(Comment: People's pursuits are not exactly the same. It is impossible to expect people's spiritual realm to be so high that they all contribute freely and develop indiscriminately. Some people want to live in a bigger house, while others want to leave more green space. * * * How to coordinate capitalism? In fact, in some developed capitalist countries, some idealists have experimented with productism and established capitalist villages. The villagers have their own needs, and no one has forced them to work. Facts have proved that these villages not only failed to grow, but collapsed one by one and restored the capitalist system. It shows that the capitalist system has stronger vitality than capitalism. )
[Edit this paragraph] The source of the word "socialism"
About the earliest use of the word "socialism", there are usually three statements. The first view is that when Anselm Desing, a German theologian and a Catholic Benedictine priest argued with people in 1753, he called people who followed the laws of nature socialists. The second view holds that the word "socialism" was first used by Italian missionaries, indicating a legendary system arranged by God. Later, it was linked with the proletarian liberation movement and gained political significance. The third view holds that the word "socialism" first appeared in the Erwinian periodicals Cooperation and Saint-Simon Globe in the 1920s and 1930s. Utopian socialists use this word to express their collective ideals that they are dissatisfied with the individualism prevailing in capitalist society and expect to realize.
At first, the word meant reforming the social system to improve the welfare of working people, ensure social peace and allow property inequality. At that time, the term "productism" generally refers to the establishment of social equality through public ownership of means of production (sometimes including means of subsistence) and advocates the abolition of property inequality. Therefore, proletarian revolutionary instructors sometimes call utopian socialism and utopian capitalism before scientific socialism "socialism" and sometimes distinguish them. After the proletariat began its independent political struggle, the bourgeoisie often used "socialism" to oppose class struggle and proletarian revolution. Engels once pointed out: "In 1847, socialism is a bourgeois movement, while * * * productism is a working class movement."
In June1842+1October 15, Marx wrote a general report on * * * productism and augsburg, and Engels wrote Progress of Social Reform Movement in the Mainland in June 1843, which used the word "socialism" for the first time and gave it a scientific meaning. However, at that time, Marx and Engels regarded socialism as a synonym for * * * productism.
Since then, "socialism", as the name of ideological trend, usually refers to scientific socialism, which is a theory about the conditions of proletarian liberation, that is, a science about eliminating all classes and realizing the general law of * * * productism.
However, "socialism" still has various meanings and usages. In the Manifesto of the Productive Party, Marx and Engels classified the socialist ideological trend popular in Europe in the middle of19th century except scientific socialism as reactionary socialism (including feudal socialism, petty-bourgeois socialism and "real" socialism, bourgeois socialism and critical utopian socialism).
19 in the 1970s, the word "socialism" began to appear in Japanese and China books and periodicals. Hiroyuki Kato, a Japanese scholar, transliterated the western word "socialism" in Japanese katakana in 187 1, and Fukuchi Genichiro used Chinese characters for the first time in 18765438 Tokyo Daily News. 1878, China western language magazine transliterated as "sosialis", 1899, World Bulletin literally translated as "learning to educate people" and "learning to educate people", and Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao translated as 190 1. Liang Qichao transplanted the word "socialism" commonly used in Japan at that time from 18 of Xinmin Cong Bao published on September 25th, 902. Since then, the word "socialism" has gradually been used in China's books and periodicals. Liang Qichao was the first person to introduce the socialist theory to China, and Li Dazhao was the first person to spread the scientific socialist theory in China.
The relationship between capitalism and socialism.
(1) Capital is different from other private ownership. The basis of capitalist ownership is: the common use of means of production, collective management of production departments, and developed modern industries make production increasingly socialized. On this basis, capitalist ownership gradually lost the characteristics of private ownership; The emergence of joint-stock system accelerates the expansion of production, and also makes the means of production become the property of the company, which makes the process of sublation of private nature faster.
Collective and indivisible means of production can be monopolized and divided because it is capital. Under capitalism, the physical form of the means of production has lost its meaning and is only regarded as a kind of value. When the means of production is a kind of value, it can be monopolized or infinitely divided. The means of production and the owner have lost all practical contact, and capital has become the only link between them. Capital is the last reason for the existence of modern private ownership.
Capital is the surplus value exploited by workers. In pure commodity exchange, the two sides follow the principle of equivalent exchange, and it is difficult to take more and give less in a freely competitive market. How can we expand the scale of production if capitalists don't take more? Of course, this can be achieved through the depreciation of capital caused by technological progress, but although the depreciation of capital can make the original capital gain greater purchasing power and expand production, it cannot produce profits, and capital is born for profit.
Profit means that capitalists pay less than they get, which means a difference, which does not require cost. This difference is not produced in commodity exchange, let alone in a vacuum. This difference comes from exploitation, which means that workers' gain and pay are not equal, and workers create this kind of profit.
When profits are put into production, this process is restarted and self-appreciation is realized, this value will be converted into capital.
(2) Crisis of Capitalism When capital flows and constantly creates surplus value, it also creates various social crises. It has caused exploitation, oppression and hatred among groups, nations and countries, as well as poverty, ignorance and violence. It constantly disrupts the smooth progress of social production and creates a crisis. Every crisis is like a huge plague, which makes the society fall into terror and famine again and again. With the development of the world market, these crises spread around the world like infectious diseases, and they have worldwide characteristics.
Although capitalism continues to survive and mature through self-adjustment, with the development and maturity of capitalism, its space for further adjustment is becoming more and more limited. When the crisis is increasingly showing worldwide characteristics, it will inevitably lead to a global ecological crisis, cultural crisis and war crisis. When the crisis cannot be fundamentally solved within the scope of capitalism and the antagonistic contradictions reach the highest point, the revolution is inevitable.
(3) The birth of a new society However, capital created a crisis, and at the same time gave birth to new social factors, just as a feudal society gave birth to a capitalist society.
The development of agricultural productive forces in feudal society liberated some people from agricultural production and became craftsmen. Excess agricultural products have caused exchange relations and formed a market; The growing industry and commerce gave birth to cities, where workshops, handicrafts and the civic class appeared, becoming the predecessors of modern industry and bourgeoisie. The increasingly serious land annexation has caused a large number of farmers to go bankrupt and become the proletariat, and the enclosure movement has accelerated this process. Finally, after a series of revolutions and social changes, capitalism was established.
A similar situation has happened in capitalism: capitalism has completed the first enlightenment to people and liberated people from the ideological control of religion, political power and superstition; Capitalism has transformed the ruling form of the country, and democracy has become the political norm; Modern industry has created modern workers, and the scale of production has reached the point where there are many contradictions with private ownership; With the increasing industrialization of agricultural production, the differences between industry and agriculture have been eliminated, and the differences between urban and rural areas have been eliminated. With the development of machinery, eliminating the difference between mental work and manual work can finally become a reality. In short, with the development of capitalism, large-scale social transformation is imminent.
Capital breeds these factors, but it is also the biggest obstacle to their continued development. Capital is the last reason for the existence of capitalist private ownership, and capitalist ownership is the most complete and final form of private ownership. When capital disappears, private ownership disappears.
It can be seen that capitalism is only a transitional stage of historical development and a product under certain historical conditions, and socialism is based on capitalism.
What kind of historical task will socialism shoulder?
Socialism will establish social public ownership, and the means of production originally mastered by society will be truly possessed by society. Once the society has the means of production, it will distribute the means of production according to a unified scientific plan, and the exchange relationship of goods will become an obstacle. Under the expanding and even international production scale, it has also become an obstacle and unnecessary, and it will be eliminated; Money will lose its function and only become a certificate for workers to obtain some consumer goods; As soon as the currency exchange relationship is eliminated, the value will cease to exist, the means of production can no longer be converted into capital, and capital will be eliminated.
Socialism will also undertake other tasks of large-scale social changes:
1 Socialism will eliminate all authoritarian political forms and establish a complete and thorough democratic system; The country will lose its violent nature and become a simple management organ and service organization. Unlike capitalism, capitalism requires limiting the supreme power, while socialism eliminates the supreme power above society.
Socialism requires that people's thoughts be completely liberated from capital, religion and country, and that they should accept the outstanding achievements of ideas and science and technology to the maximum extent, so that people's personality can be improved and their intelligence can be developed day by day.
Capitalism has exhausted the earth's resources to the maximum extent, resulting in a global ecological crisis. Socialism will make rational use of resources and properly solve the population problem, thus fundamentally solving the environmental problem.
When large-scale social transformation loses the biggest obstacle of capital, it will be overwhelming, and the difference between manual labor and mental labor, between industry and agriculture, and between urban and rural areas will eventually be eliminated.
When a large-scale social transformation movement was launched, a socialist society began to be established. Undoubtedly, this depends on a series of socialist revolutions as the premise. Because of the existence of the world market, the socialist revolution will transcend the boundaries of countries and nations from the beginning and become a great force to unite mankind.
Socialism will be born with the demise of capitalism. The demise of capitalism and the victory of socialism are inevitable. History has this inevitability, but to turn this inevitability into reality is always inseparable from the people's practical movement, the main body of history.
It is almost impossible to sum up the spirit of the new era in a few words without falling into utopianism or empty rhetoric. Apart from the following sentence in the Producers' Party Manifesto, nothing is appropriate:
"instead of the old bourgeois society with class and class opposition, it will be such a consortium, in which the free development of everyone is the condition for the free development of all."
The dictatorship of the proletariat represented by the Paris Commune
Freedom lies in transforming the state from an organ above society into an organ that completely obeys society. -Marx's criticism of Gotha's program
political system
Communes with universal suffrage and committee system set up a committee as a new organ of political power. Implement universal suffrage, organize the broad masses of the people to manage society, implement various measures to benefit the people, and implement democratic elections for government personnel. Members are not "representatives", but appointed, and can be disqualified by electors at any time.
Community committees and local committees also pursue their own goals under the guidance of local staff. The revolutionary tendency is represented by proudhon, Bronkinism and more liberal factions. It shows the diversity of political trends, a high degree of worker control and close cooperation between different revolutionary factions.
Reform the dictatorship commune, remove the bourgeois standing army, ban the old police institutions, fundamentally reform the judicial organs, and implement the judge election system.
The Commune for Abolishing Bureaucracy passed a resolution that all public officials can be appointed only by election, and promulgated a decree abolishing the high salary of state organs, stipulating that the maximum annual salary is 6,000 francs, which is equivalent to the salary level of a skilled worker, in order to prevent state organs from becoming public servants and masters of society.
economic system
Commune has carried out some socialist reforms in ownership, distribution, management and labor legislation.
Workers' cooperatives changed the disparity of wages and incomes by changing the workshops abandoned by fleeing owners into workers' cooperative law, implemented a labor remuneration system that maintained reasonable differences, and began an experiment in which workers directly participated in enterprise management.
The labor security commune has formulated labor laws to protect the direct interests of workers, such as prohibiting the night shift system in bakeries, prohibiting arbitrary fines and deducting wages. In order to safeguard the people's vital interests, the commune has passed a number of decrees to reduce the burden on the people and solve the difficulties in life.
Debt relief announced that all debts would be postponed to three years and repaid in batches without interest. Low-grade pawn items with a pawn amount of less than 20 francs would be returned free of charge, and the rent for three quarters would be exempted.
Cultural and social system
Separation of church and state promulgated the decree of separation of church and state, which turned all church property into public property and removed religious education from schools; After the failure of the Paris Commune, the Third Republic of France did not re-implement this law until the Jules Ferry Law of 1880-8 1 year and the French Law of 1905, thus establishing the principle of separation of church and state in France. The community allows the church to continue its religious activities, but only if it is open to public political meetings at night. Together with streets and coffee shops, churches have become another major political center shared by communes.
Education Reform Other planned legislation also includes education reform, which will open future education and technical training to all free of charge.
feminist movement
Some women organized the feminist movement, which continued the political views of 1789 and 1848. NathanieLeMel and ElisabethDmitrieff formed the Women's Union for Defending Paris and Caring for the Wounded on April 187 1. In view of the fact that the struggle against male chauvinism can only be realized in the global struggle against capitalism, the alliance demands gender equality, wage equality, women's right to divorce, secular guidance (non-priests) and girls' right to receive professional education. Demands to limit the differences between legal wives and mistresses, between children born in and out of wedlock, abolish prostitutes and close legal official brothels. The Women's Union participates in the municipal council and organizes cooperative factories. Famous images such as "The Red Virgin of Mont martel" joined the National Self-Defense Force and were sent to New Caledonia, symbolizing women's active participation in the uprising. During the crackdown, a women's battalion of the National Guard defended Blanche Square.
non-governmental organization (NGO)
The workload of commune members is very heavy. Members of parliament are expected to propose a series of administrative and military decrees, just like legislation. During the siege, a large number of informal organizations (canteens, first aid stations) established to meet the needs of communities in various regions continued to flourish and cooperated closely with communities.
The heritage of the commune is rich, and committees, non-governmental organizations, women's movements and the civil service system have had a far-reaching impact on future generations. It is a model of a highly democratic system, so that democratic socialism can not be compared with it so far. Even if the policy is wrong, it is remarkable that the commune can achieve such achievements as long as it takes into account the historical conditions at that time and is tightly surrounded.
It is absurd to think that social functions cannot be exercised without centralized state; It is absurd to think that administration is a mysterious thing and an unattainable duty, which can only be entrusted to a well-trained special class, that is, national parasites, snobs with high salaries and idlers. The Paris Commune shows the basic principles of the dictatorship of the proletariat, namely-
-separation of powers, autonomy, people's supervision and freedom of thought.
[Edit this paragraph] Democratic socialism
Democratic socialism is the theoretical banner of Socialist International and its affiliated socialist parties. Democratic socialism, as a branch of social democracy and an ideological trend of improving capitalism, existed in the international workers' movement as early as 19 century. Later, on the basis of the widespread spread of Marxism, workers' political parties established in European countries accepted Marxist ideas and called themselves "social democrats" and "social democrats".
With the economic prosperity brought by the second industrial revolution, the political situation in Europe has changed, universal suffrage has been popularized, the strength of trade unions has expanded, and people have gained more democratic rights. In this case, with the sudden violent revolution of Blonski's doctrine, it was impossible to succeed, and the new revolutionary situation was far from coming. Engels began to put forward revolutionary strategies under the new historical situation, and effectively used universal suffrage for parliamentary struggle on the basis of not giving up the violent revolution.
1895 after Engels' death, the socialist party, which won many seats in parliament, was unwilling to give up its vested interests, hoping to passivate the revolutionary nature and integrate into the real system by modifying the program. So Bernstein and others revised Marxism with democratic socialism, making Engels' theory of peaceful struggle one-sided and absolute, and this social reformism gradually became the dominant thought of the Social Democratic Party. After the historical division at the beginning of the last century, democratic socialism is getting farther and farther away from scientific socialism in the development and evolution of nearly a hundred years.
Non-violence, that is, denying revolution, is one of the most respected theoretical parts in democratic socialism, but it is only a shining soap bubble blown by democratic socialists and cannot stand the light blow of reality. The grim situation will certainly disillusion all non-violent illusions.
Democratic socialists have not pointed out to us that all real revolutions are under the pressure of the ruling class, and the masses never give up the opportunity of peaceful struggle, but the ruling class answers the non-violent goodwill of the masses with bayonets. Launching revolution is the last weapon for the masses to defend their own interests, and it is impossible for the revolutionary masses to give up this right, because the ruling class does not want to give up the right to launch aggression and civil war. Democratic socialists demand that the masses give up their means of self-defense, but remain silent about the armed forces of the ruling class.
On the eve of World War I 19 14, most democratic socialists became social chauvinists or protectionists, demonstrating the essence of non-violence in the form of collective resistance.
With Xie Tao's article "The Model of Democratic Socialism and the Future of China" becoming the first trend of democratic socialism in China, Nordic socialism is well known to the public. Compared with the failure of Soviet-style socialism, Nordic socialism is undoubtedly more attractive with its efficient administrative power, developed social welfare and relaxed social environment. The ideological trend of democratic socialism in China finally forced the official media to respond and show their attitude.
Although academic circles have praised democratic socialism, and they do not deny that democratic socialism is of considerable progressive significance to China, a country that has retained too many remnants of the old system, it still needs to be pointed out that the most fundamental defect of Nordic socialism lies in the hope that it will not change the entire economic foundation of capitalism, that is, it will be based on the entire production relations of capital, but will be alleviated by the limited nationalization and high welfare policies implemented by the government. But free competition is the highest and most complete form of capitalist private ownership. Any social improvement based on restricting competition without fundamentally changing the economic relationship of capital means limiting private ownership to an incomplete form. The end result is forced to bow to the free market.
Now the nationalization and high welfare policy in western Europe have come to an end. French and German workers have been on strike for several months in order to defend the interests they have gained. However, as long as this struggle does not push western Europe towards socialism, workers will bow to the free market. The situation in northern Europe is slightly better than that in western Europe, but northern Europe has also become the best reason to oppose the high welfare policy, and their governments have all fallen into the crisis of fiscal deficit. Now democratic socialism has reached a turning point in history.
[Edit this paragraph] National Socialism
As a theory, the founder of national socialism is Lassard. In the eyes of Germans, the state is a super-class existence representing the interests of all classes. To realize socialism, we should not place our hopes on the revolution, but seek the gift of the state. So his appeal is universal suffrage, the state supports the establishment of workers' cooperatives, nationalization and so on.
Although both scientific socialism and national socialism put forward the idea of nationalization, in the view of scientific socialism, nationalization is only the inevitable result of the collapse of capitalism, while national socialism regards it as a good way to save the world.
In practice, the nationalization required by national socialism is carried out under the condition of underdeveloped capitalism. As a restriction on the market, the nationalization required by scientific socialism is based on developed capitalism, which will inevitably lead to the demise of the market, while national socialism will keep the market in an underdeveloped form. On this basis, the state machine will play a central role in social production, and in order to maintain this situation, the state organs will try their best to limit the development of the market and monopolize it.
Fascism is the most typical national socialism, and the Soviet Union is also regarded as national socialism by some western socialists. However, this view has not been widely recognized, because Soviet-style socialism has achieved orthodox status in the socialist school. The typical representatives who hold this view are British socialists Bertrand Russell and George Orwell.
National socialism emphasizes that the state is absolute, all individuals and groups are relative, and the state is the embodiment of the true rationality and free will of individuals, and individuals must absolutely obey the state.
National socialism contains the shadow of racism. For example, the book Mein Kampf says: "There are good and bad races, the upper class is the master, the master and the ruler, the lower class is the slave, the ruled, and the Germanic nation is the best nation, so he should rule the world." It embodies the nationalist side of national socialism and explains why national socialism opposes internationalism.
Under the packaging of the loudest slogan of national interests, the most despicable pursuit of interests is hidden. Is fascism really fighting for living space for the Germanic nation? No, it is to strive for living space for capital; Is there too much empirical hatred of the Jewish people? No, I am too eager for their wealth. The seizure of capital is even bloodier because of the intervention of military autocratic machines.
The Nazi regime claimed that it represented the interests of all, but it treated its own people like this. Its ruling feature is to politically control all aspects of society (Gleichschaltung) in pursuit of national (Aryans, Nordic whites), social and cultural purity. The Nazis achieved their goals by persecuting things that were considered impure, especially Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals and political opponents. For the political opposition in this period, see German Resistance Movement.
This persecution reached its peak in the last years of the regime. About 6 million Jews,10 million Yugoslavs and other people were systematically killed. This crime of genocide is called HoloCust in English (meaning "Holocaust"), Shoah in Hebrew, and the Nazi euphemistically called it "final settlement" in German (Endl? Song, generally referred to the killing of Jews as "the final solution").
It also organized an "elite organization" with various functions-SS, including quasi-religious function, intelligence agency function, quasi-police function and an armed force (called "armed SS"). At first, this army was made up of strictly selected people of Aryan descent (but later it became mixed with the deterioration of the situation). Known as the elite of Nazi armed forces, it often played the role of battlefield fireman in the late war.
This is undoubtedly a kind of irony. In a country where individual rights are least guaranteed and human dignity is ruthlessly destroyed, the rulers of this country brazenly declare that they represent the interests of all.
As a historical practice, there is not much connection between national socialism and Lassalism, but both of them reflect the social factors that Germany has. National socialism, whether as a theory or a system, is the product of petty bourgeoisie such as small farmers and ordinary citizens.
[Edit this paragraph] Socialist countries
Generally speaking, a socialist country is a country that practices socialist system or socialist ideology. But now there is a debate about what is "implementing the socialist system" and what is "socialist ideology".
China defined "socialist country" as "dictatorship of the proletariat" (specifically called "people's democratic dictatorship" in China) and a country that pursues socialist ideology (analogous to a democratic socialist country).
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