From 2000 to this year, the relationship between cotton planting area, output and cotton market supply and demand in China shows that cotton industry in China has developed rapidly, with unprecedented development in planting area, output and enterprise scale, which has also injected impetus into the development of textile industry, pushed China textile industry into a new development period and significantly improved its international competitiveness. Specifically, the characteristics of these laws mainly include:
-Cotton production reached its peak, with little increase or decrease in output. The output of 5438+0 was 5.5 million tons in 2006, 5 million tons in 2002, 48 1 10,000 tons in 2003, 6.32 million tons in 2004 and 5.76 million tons are expected this year. Generally speaking, the increase and decrease of cotton output fluctuated greatly in recent five years, mainly due to the influence of market prices. But generally speaking, China's cotton planting area has reached the maximum limit, which will not exceed 80 million mu at most, which sets an upper limit for the output. Shi Jianwei, director of the National Supply and Marketing Cooperative, said that in recent years, China's agricultural structure adjustment has basically been put in place, and there is not much room for cotton to increase its area.
-Long-term demand exceeds supply, and the relationship between supply and demand is becoming increasingly tense. In the past five years, the number of cotton processing enterprises in China has increased rapidly, even beyond the ordinary, under the condition of different cotton output increases and decreases. Up to now, the national standard ginning factory 1.5 million, and in recent two years, it has increased by 1 1.0 million. The cotton processing capacity reaches 30 million tons, while the actual domestic demand is only 6 million tons. This will inevitably lead to more and more fierce competition among cotton enterprises for supply in a long period of time.
-The supervision of cotton market is chaotic, and there will be disorderly and vicious competition in the market order for a long time. This can be seen from the blind launching of cotton enterprises in recent years. Although the country has implemented the system of qualification access and production license approval, it is still in the primary stage. The country still lacks effective supervision over the trend of cotton market and enterprises. The situation of oversupply is difficult to change in the short term, and disorderly vicious competition will exist for a long time. Shi Jianwei, executive vice president of China Cotton Association, said that the chaotic situation in China cotton market will exist for a long time.
-Imported cotton is increasingly influenced by political factors, and there are more and more trade frictions between countries. In the past five years, it is not uncommon for Europe and the United States to impose restrictions and sanctions on China's textile exports and export enterprises. Especially after China's entry into WTO, the textile industry has realized domestic and international integration. Some people with ulterior motives in these countries always find a reason to create some troubles for textile enterprises in China, while the relevant departments in their own countries make hasty decisions without asking indiscriminately, which always gives textile enterprises in China a "thrilling" feeling, thus affecting the healthy development of textile industry and cotton industry in China.
-The textile industry is developing rapidly, the consumption of cotton is increasing year by year, and the cotton industry and the textile industry are more closely linked, basically forming the same interest group. In recent five years, the amount of cotton used by textile enterprises has gradually increased. In 2003, it spun 6.9 million tons and used 3.03 million tons of cotton. In 2004, it spun 6.5438+0.65438+0.2 million tons and used 7.7 million tons of cotton. Since last September, it has spun 9.06 million tons of cotton and used 6 million tons of cotton. However, the amount of cotton imported each year is limited, and textile enterprises mainly rely on domestic supply, and their dependence on foreign countries is further increased. This situation will not change in the short term.
-gradually accelerate the adjustment of the internal structure of the cotton industry and the upgrading of the textile industry, and improve the international competitiveness of China's textiles. Through the development in previous years, the cotton industry and the textile industry have gradually integrated, which has increased the external power for the internal structure adjustment of the cotton industry. Some products that can't meet the international textile export demand will fall into business difficulties, which inevitably requires the textile industry to have stricter requirements on cotton quality, which requires cotton enterprises to speed up the pace of technological transformation and produce lint suitable for large textile enterprises. This will lead to the adjustment of cotton planting structure, cotton processing, spinning enterprises, printing and dyeing enterprises and clothing enterprises, thus promoting the development of cotton industry and textile industry.
China chemical fiber industry has a history of more than forty years. Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, China's economy has made remarkable achievements, and China's chemical fiber industry has also entered a period of rapid growth. There are two remarkable characteristics: first, rapid growth, and second, remarkable achievements.
Especially in recent ten years, China's chemical fiber production has made rapid development and remarkable achievements. In the middle and late 1990s, with the vigorous development of foreign-funded enterprises, township enterprises and private enterprises, China's chemical fiber industry reached a new level. In recent 20 years, the average annual growth rate of chemical fiber was 15%, and the output of chemical fiber in 2000 was 694× 104 tons.
Since 198 1, China's chemical fiber has maintained a double-digit high-speed growth. In the past 20 years, the output has quadrupled, especially during the ninth five-year plan period. During the period of 1998, China surpassed the United States for the first time, ranking first in the world, and China's chemical fiber production accounted for 24% of the world. Especially during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the average annual growth rate was as high as 17. 1%, which was amazing and ranked first in the world. In 2000, China's chemical fiber output was 6.94 million tons, accounting for 57.8% of domestic textile fibers. 200 1 output reached 8.283 million tons, up 18.4% year-on-year. Chemical fiber has become the most important raw material of textile fiber.
According to the data analysis provided by the National Bureau of Statistics, during the period of1-1in 2003, China's chemical fiber output continued to increase, with a slight increase in production and sales and a decrease in inventory. In June 165438+ 10, the output exceeded the sales volume. Compared with June 65438+ 10, the output increased by 4.86%, the production and sales rate decreased by 8.35 percentage points, and the inventory increased by 5.58 percentage points. The sales prices of all kinds of chemical fibers are rising, especially viscose staple fiber and polyester staple fiber.
During the period of1-1in 2003, China produced a total of 10495200 tons of chemical fiber, up by 17.59% year-on-year. Among them: viscose fiber 712,400 tons, up16.90% year-on-year; Synthetic fiber was 9,668,600 tons, up 17.75438+0% year on year. 165438+1October, the national chemical fiber output113.7/10,000 tons, an increase of 19. 1% compared with June/kloc-0.
Judging from the per capita consumption of fiber and chemical fiber, China has also made great progress. Per capita fiber consumption doubled from 3.3 kg in 1980 to 6.6 kg in 2000. The per capita consumption of chemical fiber has also increased from 1.4kg to 3.7kg, which is higher than the world average of 3.5kg, but there is still a big gap with the ratio of 8. 1kg in the developed countries of the world.
In addition, the growth rate of chemical fiber in China is obviously higher than the world average. This is reflected in the fact that the proportion of China's chemical fiber production in the world's chemical fiber production has rapidly increased from 65,438 0.3% in 0960 to 65,438 0.5% in 0995. In 2002, the output of chemical fiber reached 99 1 10,000 tons, accounting for 29.4% of the world's chemical fiber output.
In 2002, the world fiber output increased by 4.5% to 56 million tons, and the annual per capita fiber consumption was 9 kg. Chemical fiber occupies a dominant position in the world fiber market, accounting for 60%, with output increasing by 6% and output of 33.7 million tons. Among them, the output of filament fiber increased by 6.7%, reaching180,000 tons, and the output of short fiber increased by 5.3%, reaching157,000 tons. All chemical fiber varieties have contributed to increasing production, but the contribution of polyester fiber is particularly large, with an increase of 7%, reaching 2 1 10,000 tons. In recent years, the chemical fiber industry in China is still developing at a high speed. In 2003, the output of chemical fiber reached 1, 1, 8 1, 000 tons, with a growth rate of 19.2%, accounting for 37.4% of the world's total output, making it the largest country in the world. However, China's chemical fiber output still cannot meet the rapidly growing domestic market demand, and it still needs to be imported in large quantities every year. In 2003, the import volume of chemical fiber was 654.38 858 million tons, with an increase rate of 8.654.38 0%.
In 2004, China's chemical fiber output reached13.86 million tons, up 2 1.2% year-on-year, accounting for 40 1% of the world's total output. In the same period, the world's total output was 34.56 million tons, up 8.9% year-on-year, among which Taiwan Province Province and the United States ranked second and third, accounting for 9.6% and 8.4% respectively, and the gap with Chinese mainland was widening.
The fundamental driving force for the rapid development of chemical fiber industry in China is China's demand for textile processing capacity and huge market space for textile consumption, which is a typical domestic demand development model. This structural feature of domestic demand will not change for a long time, and more chemical fibers still need to be imported every year, and the import is estimated to maintain an annual growth rate of 10%.
With the deepening of China's reform and opening up and the optimization of investment structure, the position and internal structure of chemical fiber industry have undergone profound changes. In the composition of raw materials used in the textile industry, the proportion of chemical fibers in the total amount of textiles in China has increased year by year, from 1999 to 54% of the processing amount of textile fibers in China to 65% in 2002, making it the main raw material for the textile industry in China. The differentiation rate increased from an average of 20% in 1999 to over 45% in 2002. The advanced level of technical equipment, product development and innovation ability, comprehensive management level and economic benefits of enterprises have been significantly improved, which has played an important role in improving the overall level of China's chemical fiber industry. In terms of enterprise structure, in the process of adjustment and development, the chemical fiber industry has intensified its reform, reorganization and transformation, realized the reorganization of asset stock and the expansion of advantageous enterprises, increased the vitality of some enterprises and improved efficiency.
At present, with the increase of quantity and scale, China chemical fiber industry is changing from quantity type to quality type and benefit type. The scale of chemical fiber varieties is improving day by day, the internal management and standardization work are strengthening day by day, and the product quality is rising steadily. However, in obvious contrast, there is a serious shortage of chemical fiber professional and technical personnel, and the knowledge update rate of professionals can not keep up with the changes and development of the market; In recent years, the prices of chemical fiber products and raw materials in China fluctuate greatly, which has a great impact on the whole chemical fiber industry.
Second, the present situation of technical equipment in chemical fiber industry
After more than 20 years of construction, China's chemical fiber technology and equipment have made great progress, especially during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the transformation and renewal of chemical fiber technology and equipment have made a historic breakthrough. Mainly in the following aspects:
1. The organizational structure of chemical fiber production enterprises has been adjusted. The number of enterprises with output exceeding 50,000 tons increased from 22 in 1999 to 57 in 2002, with an average scale exceeding 654.38+10,000 tons/year. A number of leading enterprises with high management level, reasonable production scale and good economic benefits have been formed.
2. The structural adjustment of chemical fiber products has achieved remarkable results. The application of new technology of direct spinning polyester filament has significantly improved the competitiveness of products in domestic and foreign markets. The export volume of fiber increased from 654.38+88,000 tons in 099 to 24 1.8 million tons in 2002, an increase of 1.8 times. Especially the differentiation of high performance and the rapid development of new functional fiber varieties have improved the quality level, varieties and additional benefits of textile fabrics in China.
3. The export of chemical fiber textiles and clothing increased rapidly. 1999, the export value of chemical fiber textiles and garments was1565438+800 million USD. In 2002, the export of chemical fiber textiles and garments reached US$ 20.05 billion, with a three-year increase of 32. 1%.
4. The application fields of chemical fiber products are expanding. The rapid development of chemical fiber industry has laid a solid foundation for China to become a textile power. The product development ability and technical level have been greatly improved, and chemical fiber products are widely used in national defense, transportation, energy, water conservancy and other industrial fields.
5. Improve the comprehensive benefits of textile enterprises. Through the implementation of the national debt technical transformation project, the enterprise has reduced the production cost, improved the labor productivity and economic benefits of the enterprise, significantly enhanced its comprehensive strength and overall advantages, and significantly improved its ability to resist risks. A number of key enterprises such as Yizheng Chemical Fiber Group, Luoyang Petroleum Chemical Fiber Group, Heilongjiang Tommy Tam Group, Zhejiang Hengyi Group, Jilin Chemical Fiber Group, Xinxiang Egret Group, Jiangsu Wujiang Silk Group and Yantai Polyurethane Fiber Group have been formed.
With the rapid growth of China people's consumption power and the need of export, the chemical fiber industry will still have great development space in the future. It is estimated that during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the annual per capita fiber consumption in China will increase from the current 5.5 kg to 7.5 kg.
From the development of chemical fiber varieties, polyester has the fastest development. The capacity of 1990 is1250,000 tons, which is 2.2 times that of 1985, and the effective capacity of 1995 reaches 2 million tons, which is 60% higher than that of 1990. 1994 nylon production capacity was 270,000 tons, nearly double that of 1990. 1995 the effective production capacity of acrylic fiber is 300,000 tons and that of polypropylene fiber is 200,000 tons; Viscose fiber, which is widely needed at home and abroad, has developed slowly in China in recent years, with an effective production capacity of 450,000 tons in195.
At present, China's viscose production capacity accounts for about 10% of chemical fiber production capacity, which is close to the international average level. In synthetic fibers, the proportion of polyester has accounted for 70% of synthetic fibers, which is higher than the world average. Among polyester fibers, polyester filament has the fastest growth, and its proportion has exceeded that of short fiber, but the number of nylon and acrylic fiber is obviously insufficient.
According to the analysis of production capacity distribution, there are only seven provinces and cities with the production capacity of 1994 exceeding 65438+ 10,000 tons, with a total production capacity of 2.4 million tons, accounting for 74% of the national production capacity, most of which are in the eastern region, with a small proportion in the central and western regions. This is because the chemical fiber industry is a capital and technology-intensive industry, and the eastern region is developing rapidly. With the sustained development of China's economy, there are 12 provinces and cities with an annual output of more than 50,000 tons in 200 1 year, and the distribution is slightly reasonable. From the point of view of efficiency, chemical fiber, as a new textile raw material industry, has occupied a very important position in the textile industry. As a technology-intensive and high-productivity industry, chemical fiber industry has made outstanding achievements in reversing the loss situation of the whole textile industry in the past decade. In the whole textile industry 100, chemical fiber enterprises account for 50%, and the top ten chemical fiber enterprises in China account for the majority. With the development of international economic regionalization, the world textile production has also formed three distinctive regions: East Asia, Western Europe and North America.
But after all, due to the weak foundation and short development time of China's chemical fiber industry, the technical quality level of domestic equipment can't keep up. Except for some polyester filament enterprises and newly-built large and medium-sized enterprises, most chemical fiber enterprises are backward in technology and outdated in equipment. Most viscose fiber equipment is still at the level of 1950s and 1960s, with many debts, serious pollution, high energy consumption and low-level expansion of waste treatment equipment. About 40% of nylon production equipment is low-speed spinning series, and the products have many hairiness and small package, which can not meet the needs of water-jet loom.
In addition, the repeated introduction of chemical fiber technology and equipment is serious. Although China has introduced a large number of foreign advanced chemical fiber equipment and technology, the progress of digestion and absorption is slow because the domestic equipment manufacturing has not yet stepped out of the virtuous circle and the combination of technology and trade.
The overall decline of wool spinning industry in China has recently been hit by macro-control and the rebound of raw material prices in domestic and foreign markets. According to the serious oversupply of China's wool spinning industry, the relevant state departments have listed this industry as cotton spinning industry, and plan to reduce the existing 4 million spindles of wool spinning to about 3.5 million spindles by 2000 through merger and bankruptcy. Because of this, the relevant parties strictly control the import and export license of wool, resulting in many enterprises not getting the license this year. A company in Shanghai received an order for 500,000 meters, including an export order for 200,000 meters, but no raw materials were produced. At the same time, domestic wool prices have rebounded strongly recently after several years of adjustment. Among them, 66 pieces of wool rose from 48,000 yuan per ton to 57,000 yuan, and 80 pieces of wool rose from 75,000 yuan per ton to 654.38+10,000 yuan, which is difficult to buy in the market. Finding rice to cook has become a top priority for enterprises.
At present, the difficulties encountered by the wool spinning industry in China are not only influenced by the global scope, but also caused by its own blind development and oversupply. With the gradual implementation of the national industrial policy, it is believed that a number of enterprises with good product quality and good brand will tide over the difficulties in the vicious competition of survival of the fittest and stand out.
From June to May, 2006, there were 358 enterprises above designated size in China flax industry, with the total industrial output value of 8 1.2 1 billion yuan, up by 2 1.86% year-on-year. The total assets were 654.38+09.783 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 654.38+03.50%; Realized sales income of 7.48 billion yuan, up 25.88% year-on-year; The total profit was 227 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 65,438+04.09%; Export delivery value completed 654.38+0.2 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 2.53%; The total number of employees in the industry was 142800, up by 0. 19% year-on-year. It can be seen that the overall growth momentum of the hemp spinning industry is good, which has made great contributions to China's economy, finance, export and employment.
From June to May, 5438, the product sales revenue of flax industry in China was 7.48 billion yuan, the product sales cost was 6.723 billion yuan, and the product sales tax and surcharges were 38 million yuan. The gross profit (sales revenue-sales cost-sales tax and surcharge) is 7190,000 yuan, and the gross profit (gross profit/sales revenue) is 9.62. Since the total profit is 227 million yuan, the profit rate (total profit/sales revenue, that is, the profit rate before income tax, also known as the profit rate before tax) can be calculated as 3.04%. The change of business environment directly affects the cost of sales, which leads to the corresponding change of gross profit and total profit.
Raw silk and raw silk in China account for 60% to 80% of the international market trade respectively. However, the appearance conceals the fact that at best, we are only a "raw material exporter" in the international silk market, and the money earned by our low-end products is not less than a fraction of the value of foreign high-end products. Cai, chairman of Guangdong Silk Group Company, said that for a long time, the silk, satin and clothing products we handled gave people the impression of low-end and cheap consumer goods, and the market price could not be compared with that of Italian silk ties of $200 and French silk evening dresses of $0/10,000.
Guangzhou is the birthplace of the maritime "Silk Road", and Guangdong is also a major silk exporting province in China. Last year alone, the export volume reached 770 million US dollars, of which most of the self-operated trade belongs to "commodities" with lower average unit price, and the intellectual property rights and brands of some high-end products do not belong to us. In fact, although China's silk products export a lot, the current foreign exchange level is only Korea 1/2, Japan 1/4 and Italy113. Due to the lack of world-famous brands, China silk is far from realizing its due economic value. More than 80% of China's silk is exported, and the annual raw silk export remains at 40,000 tons. Even India, with the second largest output in the world, has to buy some raw silk from China. On the surface, China almost monopolized the front end of the world silk industry chain, but actually gave the high value-added end to countries such as France and Italy, which simply rely on silk deep processing and re-export.