Fossil energy is a hydrocarbon or its derivative. It is a major energy source, which is deposited by fossils of ancient creatures. Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels will emit toxic gases, but they are indispensable fuels for human beings.
Natural resources contained in fossil energy include coal, oil and natural gas.
1, coal resource management, coal is a solid combustible mineral gradually formed by ancient plants buried underground through complex biochemical and physical and chemical changes. Coal is called black gold and industrial food. Since18th century, it has been one of the main energy sources used in the human world. Since the 2 1 century, although the value of coal is not as good as before, it is still one of the indispensable energy sources for our human production and life for a long time to come. The supply of coal is also related to the stability of China industry and even the whole society. Coal supply security is also the top priority of China's energy security.
By the end of 2000, the total output of coal in the world was 4.6665438 billion tons, the consumption was 4.659 billion tons, and the trade volume was 590 million tons. The proven recoverable reserves in the world are 9842 165438+ 1 100 million tons. Among them, it is mainly concentrated in the United States (246.643 billion tons), Russia (1570 1 100 million tons), China (1kloc-0/45 million tons), Australia (90.4 billion tons), India (74.733 billion tons) and Germany. The world coal reserves are 65.438+0.36 trillion tons.
According to BP World Energy Statistical Yearbook 20 18, the proven recoverable reserves in the world meet the global output134,2018, and the global coal output is 8 billion tons. With the development of society, the demand for coal will increase year by year.
All the recoverable coal reserves in the world in the era of the main city have an accurate data. Coal mining is carried out in a planned way, and the mined coal is used in a planned way. In the era of the main city, the rulers will determine the resource inclination of coal mining and industry use in the next year according to the data analysis of the main brain system, so as to save every resource for human development and reduce unnecessary waste.
Coal mining in the main city era is scientific and reasonable, and the establishment of scientific and reasonable coal mining technology will not waste coal resources. Coal mining is also intelligent mechanization, and people's work lies in data analysis and equipment maintenance. Fossil and mineral energy brain system will work according to the tasks assigned by the earth brain system, and the earth brain system will assign the mineral tasks for the next year, and the fossil and mineral energy brain system will arrange the mining areas reasonably according to the tasks. Determine the annual task of each coal mining area, and its intelligent mechanical system will run according to the task data to ensure the global human use of coal energy.
Coal resources are non-renewable resources. In the era of the main city, mankind cleared the global coal reserves and brought them into the human central bank. The era of main city is the era of resource economy. All non-renewable resources are based on issuing resource currency. According to the earth's resource reserves, calculate the proportion of resource currency. If the global coal reserves are large, the proportion of resources and currencies will be small. Of course, we should also calculate the consumption of coal in the future society, and its consumption and storage are the basis of resource currency issuance. Every time a unit of resource currency is consumed, a certain amount of coal resources will disappear, and the human central bank will also lose part of its currency reserves. Rational utilization of non-renewable resources is the main idea of the main city era.
2. Petroleum resource management: BP released the World Energy Statistics Yearbook 20 19. The data shows that the world coal output in 20 18 was 80130,000 tons, an increase of 4.0% over the previous year, and it broke through the 8 billion tons mark for the first time in the past four years. China accounted for 46.0% of the world's total output, 0.4 percentage points higher than the previous year.
Crude oil (petroleum) is a dark brown viscous oily liquid with green fluorescence and special smell. It is a mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and olefins.
Crude oil can be refined: petroleum gas, naphtha or light oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil or fractionated diesel oil, lubricating oil, heavy oil or fuel oil and residual oil.
Uses of petroleum: It can be divided into six categories: petroleum fuel, petroleum solvent and chemical raw materials, lubricant, paraffin, petroleum asphalt and petroleum coke. Among them, the output of various fuels is the largest, close to 90% of the total output; There are the most varieties of lubricants, and the output accounts for about 5%.
Crude oil products have a very wide range of functions and functions in social and economic development.
Crude oil products are the main suppliers of energy.
Crude oil products, mainly gasoline, kerosene, diesel, heavy oil and natural gas produced by crude oil refining, are the main suppliers of major energy sources at present. The energy provided by crude oil products is mainly used as fuel for automobiles, tractors, airplanes, ships and boilers, and a small amount is used as civil fuel.
Crude oil products are one of the pillars of materials industry, and are called three major materials together with metals, inorganic nonmetallic materials and polymer synthetic materials. The output of polymer synthetic materials provided by the world crude oil chemical industry is about 65.438+0.45 billion tons. In addition to synthetic materials, petroleum products also provide most organic chemical raw materials. In the field of chemical industry, in addition to chemical products provided by chemical minerals, raw materials for petroleum products are displayed in various departments.
All industrial sectors are inseparable from crude oil products.
The development of modern transportation industry is closely related to fuel supply. It is no exaggeration to say that without fuel, there would be no modern transportation industry. Metal processing and all kinds of machinery need all kinds of lubricating materials and other supporting materials without exception, which consumes a lot of crude oil products. Building materials industry is a new field of crude oil products, such as plastic pipes, doors and windows, floor materials, coatings, etc., which are called chemical building materials. Light industry and textile industry are traditional users of petroleum products, and the development and promotion of new materials, new processes and new products are all crude oil products.
Crude oil products have promoted the development of agriculture.
Agriculture is the basic industry of our national economy. The nitrogen fertilizer provided by the petroleum industry accounts for 80% of the total fertilizer. The popularization and use of agricultural plastic film, the rational use of pesticides, and a large number of various fuels needed by agricultural machinery have formed the main force of the oil industry to support agriculture.
By the end of 20 17, BP's World Energy Statistics Yearbook has proved that the global oil reserves have reached 1.6966 trillion barrels. According to the output level of 20 17, this reserve can meet the world's output of 50.2 years. In 20 17, the global oil consumption was10.7 million barrels per day.
The above is the role of oil in modern human society and the global oil resources reserves. When the oil resources of the earth are exhausted, it will also be the time when human civilization retrogresses. The use of oil for two or three hundred years has consumed the natural evolution reserves of the earth for hundreds of millions of years, and with the progress of human science and technology, the demand for oil will increase in the future. Because of the wide geographical distribution of modern human settlements and the great distance between cities, the communication between cities mainly depends on petroleum energy. You can imagine how many cars you have to run on land every day. You can roughly calculate the number of cars in your city, and you will have a lot of data in your heart. According to official website data of International Shipping and Transportation Association in 20 17, there were 36.8 million flights taking off and landing in the world in 20 17, with an average of about 106800 flights taking off and landing every day. We don't want to consider the length of the flight, just know that the fuel consumption of the flight is much higher than that of the car, so we will have a general mental data for this comparison. The main freight of human beings is merchant ships at sea, and global production leads to global transportation. Only more ships sail on the sea every day. You will find the data on the professional website, and the amount of oil it consumes in daily driving will be an astronomical figure.
In the era of the main city, because human beings live in more than a dozen cities, the main logistics activities of human beings are only around these cities. Whether it is space transportation, sea transportation or land transportation, the transportation volume is greatly reduced, which greatly saves the global oil energy consumption. In the future, mankind will be inseparable from petroleum energy in a short time. In the era of the main city, mankind will really use oil in necessary industries to promote the sustainable development of human scientific and technological evolution.
All the oil reserves in the world were discovered in the era of the main city, which marked the time label for the evolution of human beings. Oil is a non-renewable resource, and oil reserves will be included in the resource pool of the People's Bank of China, which is the main basis for the future monetary allocation of human resources. The proportion of resource currency will be allocated according to the future oil consumption and global reserves of human beings. Every unit of resource currency is consumed, which means a part of non-renewable oil resources is permanently lost. Petroleum resources are strategic resources for human evolution.
3. Natural gas resource management. Natural gas refers to all natural gas, including gases formed by various natural processes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere (including oilfield gas, gas field gas, mud volcano gas, coalbed methane and biogas, etc.). ).
The world's natural gas reserves are about 140 trillion cubic meters and 450 trillion cubic meters.
Natural gas is contained in underground porous rocks, including oil and gas, gas field gas, coalbed methane, mud volcanic gas and biogas, and a small amount comes from coal seams. It is a high-quality fuel and chemical raw material.
Natural gas is mainly used as fuel to make carbon black, chemicals and liquefied petroleum gas. Propane and butane produced from natural gas are important raw materials for modern industry. Natural gas is mainly composed of gaseous low molecular hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon gases.
It is mainly composed of methane (85%) and a small amount of ethane (9%), propane (3%), nitrogen (2%) and butane (1%). Mainly used as fuel, but also used as raw materials for the manufacture of acetaldehyde, acetylene, ammonia, carbon black, ethanol, formaldehyde, hydrocarbon fuel, hydrogenated oil, methanol, nitric acid, synthetic gas, vinyl chloride and other chemicals. Natural gas is compressed into liquid for storage and transportation. Coal miners, nitric acid producers, power plant workers, organic chemical synthesizers, gas users, refiners, etc. Have access to this product. It mainly enters the human body through the respiratory tract. This is a simple suffocating gas. When the concentration is high, oxygen deficiency due to air replacement leads to shortness of breath and loss of consciousness; In severe cases, people may suffocate and die due to hypoxemia. High pressure natural gas can cause frostbite. Incomplete combustion will produce carbon monoxide.
Main uses of natural gas: industrial fuel, process production, natural gas chemical industry, city gas industry, compressed natural gas vehicles, and coordinated natural gas.
Industrial fuel: Natural gas is used instead of coal for heating in factories, production boilers and gas turbine boilers in thermal power plants. Natural gas power generation is an effective way to alleviate energy shortage, reduce the proportion of coal-fired power generation and reduce environmental pollution. From the perspective of economic benefits, natural gas power generation units have less installed investment, short construction period, low on-grid electricity price and strong competitiveness.
Natural gas power generation, through the treatment of natural gas, and then install natural gas generator set to provide electricity.
Process production: such as baking paint production line, tobacco drying, asphalt heating and insulation, etc.
Natural gas chemical industry: Natural gas is the best raw material for making nitrogen fertilizer, which has the characteristics of less investment, low cost and less pollution. The average proportion of natural gas in raw materials for nitrogen fertilizer production in the world is about 80%.
Urban gas industry: especially the fuel for residents' daily life, including conventional natural gas, and two unconventional natural gases, coalbed methane and shale gas. It is mainly incorporated into the pipeline after production, and natural gas is used daily. With the improvement of people's living standards and the enhancement of environmental awareness, the demand for natural gas in most cities has greatly increased. The economic benefit of natural gas as a civil fuel is also greater than that of industrial fuel.
Compressed natural gas automobile: replacing automobile oil with natural gas is low in price, less in pollution and safe. According to the statistics of the International Natural Gas Automobile Organization, the average annual growth rate of natural gas vehicles is 20.8%. There are about1270,000 vehicles using natural gas in the world, and the total number will reach 70 million in 2020, most of which are compressed natural gas vehicles.
Natural gas is a clean energy with high quality and high efficiency. The emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides are only about half and one fifth of those of coal, and the emissions of sulfur dioxide are almost zero. As a clean and efficient fossil energy, the development and utilization of natural gas has attracted more and more attention from all countries in the world. Globally, the amount of natural gas resources is far greater than that of oil, and there is sufficient resource guarantee for the development of natural gas.
Synergistic natural gas: based on natural gas, it is a new type of energy-saving and environmental-friendly industrial gas which is mixed by gas agent intelligent mixing equipment and natural gas synergist. The combustion temperature can be increased to 3300℃, which can be used for industrial cutting, welding and cracking, and can completely replace acetylene gas and propane gas. Can be widely used in steel mills, steel structures and shipbuilding industries, and can be safely used in cabins. Now the products on the market are Ruifeng gas and Ruifeng natural gas synergist.
In 2005, the total proven natural gas reserves in the world were 179.53 trillion cubic meters. 265438+The world's major natural gas producer at the beginning of the 20th century: Russia has a reserve of 48 14 trillion cubic meters and an annual output of 632.8 billion cubic meters. Iran has a reserve of 2.75 trillion cubic meters and an annual output of 89.663 billion cubic meters. Qatar has a reserve of 25.78 trillion cubic meters and an annual output of 37.8 billion cubic meters; Saudi Arabia has a reserve of 6.75 trillion cubic meters and an annual output of 65.68 billion cubic meters; UAE reserves 6.06 trillion cubic meters, with an annual output of 45.8 billion cubic meters; The United States reserves 560 trillion cubic meters, with an annual output of 553.277 billion cubic meters; Algeria has a reserve of 4.52 trillion cubic meters and an annual output of 82 billion cubic meters; Norway has a reserve of 4.46 trillion cubic meters and an annual output of 88 billion cubic meters; Venezuela has a reserve of 4 19 trillion cubic meters and an annual output of 28.4 billion cubic meters. Nigeria has a reserve of 3.4 trillion cubic meters and an annual output of 22.388 billion cubic meters.
Global natural gas consumption ranking in 20 17: 17 Thailand, 50.08 billion cubic meters; No.65438 +05 India 54.2 billion cubic meters; No. 12 UAE 7265438+700 million cubic meters; NO. 1 1 UK 78.78 billion cubic meters; No. 10 Mexico 87.6 billion cubic meters; No.9 Germany 91.600 million cubic meters; No.8 Saudi Arabia 1 1 1.43 billion cubic meters; No.7 Canada1157.5 billion cubic meters; No.6 Japan1170.8 billion cubic meters; NO.5 Iran's 265.438+0.444 billion cubic meters; NO.4 China is 240.44 billion cubic meters; The third place in Russia is 424.76 billion cubic meters; The second place in the EU is 466.78 billion cubic meters; No.65438 +0 US 739.45 billion cubic meters; The natural gas consumption in 20 18 is about 3.86 trillion cubic meters. The growth rate is 5.3%, which is 2.3 times of the average of 2.3% in the past five years.
2 1 century With the development of human science and technology, the demand for coal, oil and natural gas will be greater, so the service life of our reserves of the above three non-renewable resources will be shorter. When non-renewable resources are exhausted, it is also a great retrogression of human civilization. There are more than 10 thousand cities in the world where people live, work and study, so the needs of citizens in their cities need to be transported from all over the world through logistics. This does not include rural areas in underdeveloped areas. According to the World Bank report, there are still as many as1200 million people living in extreme poverty in the world. Although the extreme poverty rate in many countries has dropped rapidly in recent years, the World Bank estimates that by 20 15, there will still be 970 million people living on less than $0.25 per day. This is still an extremely poor population. 2 1 century as a new era of human civilization, in this era, human beings have been basically civilized, so everyone has the right to pursue a rich life. Among them, Asia, Africa and Latin America are the main places where poor people are concentrated in the century.
Although the global natural gas reserves are abundant, they cannot meet the daily consumption of human beings. Natural gas is basically a household connection in large and small cities in China, not to mention more complete access in developed countries. Nowadays, people can't live without natural gas. The above data shows the natural gas consumption of some major countries. We can see from the global natural gas consumption data of 20 17 that the natural gas consumption of the United States with a population of more than 300 million is three times that of China with a population of1400 million, and the per capita consumption is more than four times that of China. In fact, people in modern China are already very happy, but by comparing the data, I think we have not reached the level of happiness in the United States, and our country and individuals still need to struggle to live a life like that in the United States. At present, there are more than 7 billion people in the world. If the average natural gas consumption of these 7 billion people is the same as that of the American people, I think all the natural gas reserves on the earth will be consumed by human beings, which will be a very terrible thing.
In the era of the main city, people all over the world lived in more than a dozen super cities, which not only saved the mileage of natural gas pipeline transportation, but also greatly reduced the waste of resources. In addition to the amount needed by industry, human daily use will also be greatly saved. In the era of the main city, mankind discovered the global natural gas reserves and incorporated them into the human central bank resource pool. Allocate its share of resource currency according to its natural gas consumption and global storage. Every consumption unit of resource currency represents the reduction of its central bank's resource currency, and also represents the permanent loss of a certain amount of non-renewable resources on the earth.
4. Comprehensive management of more than 200 kinds of mineral resources. More than 200 kinds of mineral resources have been discovered in the world, of which more than 80 kinds are widely used. Every mineral resource is very important and irreplaceable. But in terms of usage and dosage, the mining industry thinks that the most important mineral resources in the world are iron, copper, aluminum and gold. ......
The world's iron ore reserves are 654.38+07 billion t (ore quantity) and the iron content is 865.438+00 billion t. The total iron ore resources in the world are estimated to exceed 800 billion t (ore quantity) and the iron content exceeds 230 billion t. The world's copper reserves are about 700 million tons, and the copper reserves are widely distributed all over the world. The world bauxite reserves are about 28 billion tons. The world's gold reserves are 54,000 tons. The mining amount of silver mine is estimated to reach 670 million tons. The proven reserves of lead10.50 billion tons and zinc1.10.50 billion tons. The proven reserves of Tin World are 1.0 1.4 million tons. The proven reserves of manganese in the world are1200 million tons, the total reserves of nickel in the world are 1. 1 100 million tons, and the total reserves of phosphate rock in the world are more than 76 billion tons. Wait, all kinds of mineral energy that can be widely used have been proved by human beings. More than 200 kinds of proven mineral resources are irreplaceable. With the development of science and technology, human consumption of various mineral resources will also increase.
The above data are the main types of global mineral resources reserves, which are inseparable from human daily life. There are many kinds of metals and nonmetals on a mobile phone, all of which are extracted from these mineral resources. The development of science and technology is increasingly inseparable from various scientific and technological commodities. It is impossible for human beings to return to primitive people. The development of science and technology will increase the demand for these non-renewable minerals. How to ensure the space age before these 200 resources are exhausted, because all kinds of galaxies in the solar system have inexhaustible resources for human beings.
In the era of the main city, mankind recorded the accurate data of more than 200 kinds of proven mineral resources, and the main brain system summarized all the mineral resources on the earth, and made a reasonable analysis according to the data of their reserves, uses and consumption. The global business actuary calculates the original resources, and all its non-renewable mineral resources will be included in the resource database of the People's Bank of China, and each type of mineral resources will allocate the proportion of resource currency occupation according to its digestion and global storage. The resource currency per consumption unit means that these resources will disappear, but there are also resources that can be reused, and their reuse value is included in the resource currency.
In the main city era, the original global resources will be incorporated into the resource pool of the People's Bank of China, and actuaries will calculate the proportion of resources and currencies according to the global resource consumption and global resource reserves. Any consumption in the future represents the reduction of its overall human resources, and it is also the timetable for the evolution of human science and technology. The calculation of linking original resources with resource currency will be a systematic project, an indispensable project for mankind to enter a new era, and the best solution for modern global economy.
The fossil mineral energy brain system in the main city era will supervise all kinds of primitive resources in the world, and human beings have their own goals in the utilization of primitive resources. Rulers will judge the industrial tendency of its original resources according to the consumption data of the earth's main brain system. Human civilization has no qualification to be wasted. Human civilization must find the right evolutionary path and the right direction of scientific and technological development for itself. There is no turning back for human civilization. There is either a smooth road or a cliff ahead, and all development lies in human beings themselves.
No matter in the modern or future main city era, the resources on the earth are limited, but the consumption of human beings is infinite. Limited resources and unlimited consumption will be the main contradictions in the future of human civilization.
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