Heisenberg is one of the most successful scientists after Einstein. Like Einstein's light quantum hypothesis inspired by Planck's quantum theory, Heisenberg also founded matrix mechanics in 1925, and put forward uncertainty principle and matrix theory. Quantum mechanics is an indispensable and powerful tool for people to study the microscopic world. Because of his new contribution to quantum theory, he won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics. Heisenberg also completed the nuclear reactor theory. Because of his great achievements, he became the most important theoretical physicist and atomic physicist in the 20th century. From 190 1 to 1976, German physicist Werner Karl Heisenberg won the 1932 Nobel Prize in physics for his role in the creation of quantum mechanics, one of the most important achievements in the whole history of science.
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Mechanics is a branch of physics, which studies the general laws of motion of objects. It is the most basic branch of physics and the most basic subject. At the beginning of the 20th century, people gradually realized that the accepted laws of mechanics could not describe the behavior of tiny objects such as atoms and subatomic particles. They are puzzled and uneasy about this, because the accepted laws are perfect when applied to macroscopic objects (that is, objects much larger than a single atom).
After the beginning of World War II, under the threat of Nazi Germany, the great Danish physicist Bohr left his beloved Copenhagen Institute of Theoretical Physics and his colleagues from all over the world for the United States. Many German scientists have also left their homes and are determined not to compromise with Nazi forces. However, an equally outstanding physicist stayed behind and was entrusted with the heavy responsibility by Nazi Germany to lead the technical work of developing atomic bombs. Bohr, who is far away in a foreign land, is angry. He had a sharp contradiction with his former colleagues and formed a lifelong estrangement with him. Interestingly, this scientist who has never been forgiven by Bohr won the Bohr International Medal in 1970 to commend "scientists or engineers who have made great contributions to the peaceful use of atomic energy". History has played a huge joke here, and the protagonist of this joke, like the "uncertainty principle" he discovered, is always confusing and puzzling. He is Heisenberg, the founder of quantum mechanics.
1976 February 1 passed away at the age of 75.
werner karl heisenberg
At the beginning of the 20th century, theoretical physics based on Einstein's theory of relativity and Bohr's atomic model attracted young researchers. The Danish Institute of Theoretical Physics has become a place that young physicists yearn for. In Munich, Bohr's early theory was widely accepted, and the work of Bohr Institute was based on Bohr-Sommerfeld atomic model. 1924 in July, Heisenberg's paper on the abnormal Zeeman effect passed the examination, which made him a lecturer and qualified to give lectures at any level in German universities. Bohr, obviously having a good impression on this outstanding young man, also wrote to Heisenberg, telling him that he had won a prize of $65,438+0,000 from the International Education Foundation (IEB) funded by Rockefeller Consortium, thus giving him the opportunity to go to Copenhagen to work with Bohr and his colleagues for one year. At that time, theoretical physicists from all over the world gathered in Bohr Institute were trying to use this model to explore spectral lines and their splitting in electric and magnetic fields, thus creating an atomic process theory without logical contradictions. At the same time, Bohr himself believes that only by resolutely deviating from the traditional view can the problem make progress. But the question of where to start has been bothering him. This is a thorny problem because it is related to the transition from traditional classical mechanics to more natural science. The emergence of new things always has to break through many obstacles. What do we do? The whole institute is immersed in meditation and constant experiments. 1925, when all efforts seem to be in vain, people seem to think that physics has reached a dead end.
However, Heisenberg's thought solved Bohr's long-term puzzle. Heisenberg was skeptical about all kinds of atomic models when he was in college. He felt that Bohr's theory could not be proved ideally in the experiment. Because Bohr's theory is based on some quantities that cannot be directly observed or measured, such as the speed and trajectory of electron movement. Heisenberg believes that in experiments, we can't expect to find some atomic characteristics that can't be observed at all, such as the position of electrons in atoms, the speed and trajectory of electrons, but should only explore those values that can be determined by experiments, such as the energy of atoms in a fixed state, the frequency and intensity of atomic radiation, etc. So when calculating a certain value, we only need to use the mutual ratio between the values that can be observed in principle, that is, we can only rely on mathematical abstraction to solve the problem. Therefore, Heisenberg first found sufficient mathematical basis from Bohr's correspondence principle, which changed this principle from empirical principle to scientific method to study the internal process of atoms.
Heisenberg didn't stop there. 1June, 925, he solved another important problem in physics-how to explain the stable energy state of an anharmonic atom, thus laying the foundation for the development of quantum mechanics. A few months later, he published a paper entitled "A New Interpretation of Quantum Theory on the Relationship between Kinematics and Mechanics" in the Journal of Physics, and introduced a new mathematical quantity into the field of physics, thus establishing a quantum theory. Heisenberg's theory is based on observable things or measurable quantities. He believes that we can't always accurately determine the position of an electron in space at a certain moment, nor can we track it in its orbit, so we can't be sure whether Bohr's hypothetical planetary orbit really exists. Therefore, mechanical quantities such as position and velocity need to be expressed by the abstract mathematical system of "matrix" in linear algebra, rather than by ordinary numbers. As a mathematical system, matrix refers to the theory that complex numbers are arranged in a rectangle. The position of each number in the rectangle is represented by two indicators, one is equivalent to a row in the mathematical position, and the other is equivalent to a column in the mathematical position. After the "matrix" was put forward, Born soon noticed the importance of this problem. He cooperated with Iordan to further study the principle of matrix mechanics. 1In September, 925, they published the article Quantum Mechanics together, which developed Heisenberg's thought into a systematic theory of quantum mechanics. In June, 65438 +065438+10, Heisenberg published a paper "Re-interpretation of quantum theory on the relationship between kinematics and mechanics" in cooperation with Born and Iordan, and established a formal system of quantum mechanics-matrix mechanics. Since then, people have discovered the natural laws of atomic microstructure. Einstein commented: "Heisenberg laid a huge quantum egg."
Heisenberg's matrix mechanics is an algebraic method, which starts with the discreteness of observed spectral lines and emphasizes discontinuity. A few months later, at the beginning of 1926, the Austrian physicist Schrodinger adopted the method of solving differential equations, starting with the popularization of classical theories and emphasizing continuity, thus establishing the second theory of quantum mechanics-wave mechanics. Because the founders of the two theories only believe in their own theories and seldom know each other's thoughts, an argument is inevitable, and both of them criticize each other's theories. Later, after carefully studying Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, Schrodinger and Neumann proved the mathematical equivalence between wave mechanics and matrix mechanics. The successful combination of these two theories greatly enriches and expands the quantum theory system. In this way, 1926 formally established a method to solve the task of atomic physics.
Later, when Heisenberg explained the alternation of strong and weak spectral lines in the spectrum of hydrogen molecules, he used matrix mechanics to divide hydrogen molecules into two forms: normal hydrogen and extended hydrogen, that is, allotropic hydrogen was discovered. This is an amazing discovery. 1933, in recognition of his creation of quantum mechanics, especially the discovery of allotrope hydrogen by using the theory of quantum mechanics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics by the Science Award of the Royal Swedish Academy. Fortune befalls the young Heisenberg.
werner karl heisenberg
Wen Er Karl Heisenberg is a famous German theoretical physicist, philosopher and one of the founders of quantum mechanics. 190165438+February 5th, he was born in Wü rzburg, Germany. His father, dr a Heisenberg, was a famous linguist and historian in eastern Rome. He was a professor of medieval and modern Greek at the University of Munich. Influenced by it, young Heisenberg learned some language knowledge, which his father was proud of.
Before 1920, Heisenberg studied at the famous Maxim School in Munich. Maximilian School has trained many future scientists, such as Planck, the founder of quantum thought, who studied here 40 years ago. In middle school, Heisenberg was fascinated by mathematics and soon mastered differential calculus and integral calculus. At that time, he had been looking forward to becoming a mathematician in the future. However, his later college career changed the young man's fate.
1920 After graduating from high school, Heisenberg was admitted to Munich University and studied physics under the guidance of Sommerfeld and Wayne. Later, under the guidance of Born and Hilbert, he went to the University of G? ttingen to study physics. 1923, Heisenberg wrote a doctoral thesis on fluid mechanics, entitled "On the Stability and Turbulence of Fluid Flow", and studied the approximation of nonlinear theory in detail. At the end of the year, Heisenberg received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Munich.
1923 10 returned to g? ttingen and was hired as a teaching assistant by Max Born.
1On June 7th, 924, I first met Einstein in G? ttingen.
From 1924 to 1927, he was funded by Rockefeller Foundation and came to work with Bohr in Copenhagen Institute of Theoretical Physics. Since then, Heisenberg has started fruitful academic research in the atmosphere of long-term fierce academic contention.
193365438+February 1 1 won 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Positron theory was put forward on June 2 1, 1934.
werner karl heisenberg
During World War II, Einstein and other scientists were persecuted by the Nazis. Heisenberg stayed in Germany out of his love for Germany and tried his best to save German science.
194 1 year, he was appointed professor of physics at the University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Royal Institute of Physics. He became Germany's leader in developing atomic bombs and nuclear weapons, and worked with Hahn, one of the discoverers of nuclear fission, to develop nuclear reactors. As the war progressed, Heisenberg soon found himself in a contradiction: he loved his motherland, but he hated Nazi atrocities very much. Therefore, he took practical actions to curb the development of German nuclear weapons.
From 65438 to 0946, Heisenberg and his colleagues rebuilt the Institute of Physics of the University of G? ttingen, engaged in the research of physics and astrophysics, and served as the director.
1948, the institute was renamed Max Planck Institute of Physics. 10 years later, he was hired as a profile of Werner Karl Heisenberg, a professor of physics at the University of Munich, and the institute moved to Munich with him, and was renamed Max Puke Institute of Physics and Astrophysics.
After World War II, Heisenberg made great contributions to promoting the peaceful application of atomic energy. 1957, he and other German scientists jointly opposed arming the German army with nuclear weapons. He also worked closely with the International Institute of Atomic Physics in Geneva and served as the first committee chairman of the institute.
This talented physicist will never give up his persistent academic efforts. In the 20 years after 1953, Heisenberg turned his attention to the study of elementary particle theory. 1April, 958, he put forward the nonlinear spinor theory. This theory is based on four nonlinear differential equations and their so-called "cosmic formulas" including gravitons. When these equations are applied to nature, they can reflect the basic form of differential systems with universal symmetry and explain the diversity of basic particles produced in high-energy collisions. Heisenberg constantly promoted the development of modern physics with his research.
1 February, 9761day, Heisenberg, an outstanding scientist in the 20th century, died. As the founder of quantum mechanics, people will never forget that he changed people's basic view of the objective world and his great influence on the practical application of modern equipment such as lasers, transistors and electron microscopes. This scientist, who always takes Columbus as an example, opened up a new path in the microscopic world of physics, became one of the founders of quantum mechanics and made outstanding contributions in the fields of particle kinematics and mechanics.
1925, Werner Heisenberg put forward a new physics theory, which is fundamentally different from the classical Newton theory in basic concepts. This new theory-modified by Heisenberg's heirs-has achieved brilliant results, and today it is recognized that it can be applied to all physical systems, regardless of their type or size.
It is proved by mathematical energy that the predictions of quantum mechanics are different from those of classical mechanics when only the macroscopic system is involved, but the difference between them is too small to be measured (because of this, classical mechanics-much simpler in mathematics than quantum mechanics-can still be used in most scientific operations). However, in the case of atomic dimension system, the prediction of quantum mechanics is very different from that of classical mechanics; Experiments have proved that the prediction of quantum mechanics is correct under such circumstances.
One of the achievements of Heisenberg's theory is the famous uncertainty principle. This principle was put forward by him personally in 1927, which is generally considered as one of the most profound and far-reaching principles in science. The function of uncertainty principle is that it shows some theoretical limitations of our scientific measurement ability, which is of great significance. If a scientist can't use the basic laws of physics to obtain accurate knowledge about the system he studies even in the most ideal situation, it clearly shows that the future behavior of the system can't be completely predicted. According to the principle of uncertainty, no matter what improvement is made to the measuring instrument, we can't overcome this difficulty!
The uncertainty principle shows that physics can't make predictions beyond the statistical range (for example, a scientist who studies radiation may predict that two million of the three trillion atoms will emit gamma rays the next day, but he can't predict that any particular radium atom will do so). In many practical situations, this does not constitute a serious limitation. When a large number of cases are involved, statistical methods can often provide a very reliable basis for action; However, when a small amount is involved, statistical prediction is really unreliable. In fact, in the microscopic system, the uncertainty principle forces us to give up our strict concept of material causality. This shows that the basic concepts of science have undergone very profound changes; It's too profound for a great scientist like Einstein to accept. Einstein once said, "I don't believe that God is playing dice with the universe." However, this is basically the view that most modern physicists think they must adopt.
Obviously, from a theoretical point of view, quantum theory has changed our basic concept of the material world, and the degree of change may be greater than that of relativity. However, the result of quantum theory is not only a change in outlook on life.
In the practical application of quantum theory, there are modern instruments such as electron microscope, laser and semiconductor. It also has many applications in nuclear physics and atomic energy. It forms the basis of our spectral knowledge and is widely used in astronomy and chemistry. It is also used for theoretical research on various topics, such as the characteristics of liquid helium, the internal structure of stars, ferromagnetism and radioactivity.
Werner Heisenberg 190 1 was born in Germany, and 1923 received his doctorate in theoretical physics from the University of Munich. From 1924 to 1927, he worked with the great Danish physicist niels bohr in Copenhagen. His first important paper on quantum mechanics was published in 1925, and his discussion on uncertainty principle was published in 1927. Heisenberg died suddenly in 1976 at the age of 74, leaving his wife and seven children.
As far as the importance of quantum mechanics is concerned, readers may ask, why is Heisenberg not at the top of this book? However, Heisenberg was not the only important scientist who founded quantum mechanics. His predecessors Max Planck, Albert Einstein, niels bohr and French scientist Louis de Broglie all made far-reaching contributions to this. In addition, in the years after Heisenberg's original paper was published, many other scientists, including Austrian Irving Schrodinger and Englishman P.A.M. Dirac, made important contributions to quantum theory. But I think Heisenberg is the main figure in the creation of quantum mechanics. Even if he is paid according to his work, his contribution should make him rank high in this volume.
From 1927 to 194 1, Heisenberg is a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Leipzig.
werner karl heisenberg
Academically, Heisenberg not only initiated the development of quantum mechanics, but also made outstanding contributions to other branches of physics such as quantum electrodynamics, vortex dynamics, cosmic radiation physics and ferromagnetic theory. Besides, he is an outstanding philosopher.
1927, Heisenberg published the article "Intuitive Contents of Kinematics and Mechanics of Quantum Theory", and put forward the influential "Uncertainty Principle", which laid the foundation for explaining quantum mechanics in physics. He believes that when our work enters the micro field from the macro field, our macro instruments (observation tools) will inevitably interfere with the micro particles (research objects). At ordinary times, people can only describe the results measured by macro-instruments with classical concepts reflecting the macro-world, so the results measured are not exactly the same as the original state of particles. According to this principle, Heisenberg declared that it is impossible for people to accurately determine the position and speed of a physics at the same time. The more accurate one quantity is, the less accurate the other quantity is. Therefore, there must be some errors when determining the position and speed of moving particles. These errors are insignificant to ordinary people, but they cannot be ignored in atomic research. The principle of uncertainty can affect all kinds of phenomena in physics in principle, but its importance is more obvious in the microscopic field of physics. Usually, in practice, if a large number of people participate in the research, then statistical methods provide a reliable guarantee for the research activities; But if the number involved is small, the uncertainty principle will make us change our original view of physical causality and accept the uncertainty principle.
Before the discovery of the uncertainty principle, many people thought that if the position and velocity of every particle in nature can be measured in advance at any time, the history of the whole universe, whether in the past or in the future, can be calculated in principle. But the uncertainty principle denies the possibility of this situation. Because in fact, people can't accurately measure the position and speed of particle motion at the same time. The uncertainty principle explains the limitations of scientific measurement to some extent. A Brief Introduction to Werner Karl Heisenberg shows that the basic laws of physics sometimes can't make scientists correctly understand the research system under ideal conditions, so they can't completely predict the changes that will take place in this system. This principle is significant and far-reaching. This is a great innovation to the basic philosophy of science-determinism. It tells people that with the continuous improvement of measuring instruments, it is impossible to overcome the actual error. Therefore, this principle is accepted by more and more scientists in practice.
Heisenberg also wrote a series of works on physics and philosophy, such as Philosophical Problems of Nuclear Science, Physics and Philosophy, Laws of Nature and Material Structure, Parts and Whole, Development and Society of Atomic Physics, etc. He has made indelible contributions to modern physics and philosophy.
In addition to the Max Planck Medal, the German Federal Cross and the Nobel Prize in Physics, Heisenberg was awarded honorary doctorates by Brussels University, Karlsruhe University and Budapest University. He is a member of the Royal Society of London, a member of many scientific societies in Gottingen, Bavaria, Saxony, Prussia, Sweden, Romania, Norway, Spain, the Netherlands, Rome and the United States, and an academician of the German Academy of Sciences and the Italian Academy of Sciences. 1953 became the chairman of Humboldt Foundation, the head of the German delegation of CERN, and the representative of West Germany to the Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy.