Question 2: What are the four financial indicators? The four financial indicators refer to: solvency indicators, operational indicators, profitability indicators and enterprise development indicators.
1. The solvency index is an important management index of enterprise financial management, which refers to the enterprise's ability to repay due debts (including principal and interest). The solvency indicators include short-term solvency indicators and long-term solvency indicators, and the measurement indicators mainly include current ratio, quick ratio and cash current debt ratio.
2. Operational ability refers to the operational ability of an enterprise, that is, the ability of an enterprise to make profits by using various assets. The financial analysis ratio of enterprise's operating ability includes: inventory turnover, accounts receivable turnover, business cycle, current assets turnover and total assets turnover. These ratios reveal the capital operation and turnover of enterprises and reflect the efficiency of enterprise management and application of economic resources. The faster the turnover of enterprise assets, the higher the liquidity, the stronger the solvency of enterprises, and the faster the assets get profits.
3 profitability indicators mainly include operating profit rate, cost profit rate, surplus cash guarantee multiple, return on total assets, return on net assets and return on capital. In practice, listed companies often use earnings per share, dividends per share, price-earnings ratio, net assets per share and other indicators to evaluate their profitability.
4. The indicators of development ability mainly include the following eight aspects: growth rate of operating income, capital preservation and appreciation rate, capital accumulation rate, total assets growth rate, operating profit growth rate, technology investment rate, average growth rate of operating income and average growth rate of capital in three years.
Question 3: What complete sets of financial statements include balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, statement of changes in owners' equity (or statement of changes in shareholders' equity) and notes to financial statements?
1, balance sheet
It reflects the maturity of enterprise assets, liabilities and capital. Long-term solvency, short-term solvency and profit distribution ability.
2. Income statement (or income statement) (ine statement/income statement)
It reflects the income and expenses of the current enterprise and the amount and structure of gains and losses that should be included in the current profits.
3. Cash flow statement
It reflects the ins and outs of enterprise's cash flow and is divided into three parts: business activities, investment activities and fund-raising activities.
4. Statement of changes in equity.
Reflect the increase and decrease of the total owner's equity (shareholder's equity) of the enterprise in this period, including structural changes, especially the gains and losses directly included in the owner's equity.
5. Notes to the financial statements.
Generally include the following items
(1) Basic enterprise information;
(2) the basis for the preparation of financial statements;
(3) A statement of conformity with the accounting standards for enterprises;
(4) Important accounting policies and accounting estimates;
(5) Description of changes in accounting policies and accounting estimates and correction of errors;
(6) Description of important reporting matters;
(7) Other important matters that need to be explained, such as contingencies, commitments, non-adjustment matters after the balance sheet date, related party relationships and their transactions.
In financial statements, if the audit report of accounting firm is attached, its credibility will be higher. Therefore, at the annual general meeting of shareholders, financial statements are generally accompanied by audit reports.
In the annual report of listed companies, according to the listing rules, in addition to financial reports, there are many non-accounting documents such as chairman's operating report and corporate governance report. However, investors are most concerned about the dividend proposal in the company's annual report and the profitability analysis in the financial statements.
Question 4: What are the basic indicators of financial analysis?
I. Profitability Analysis
1. Net sales interest rate = (net profit ÷ sales revenue) ×100%; The greater the ratio, the stronger the profitability of the enterprise.
2. Net interest rate of assets = (net profit/total assets) ×100%; The greater the ratio, the stronger the profitability of the enterprise.
3. Net interest rate on equity = (net profit ÷ shareholders' equity) ×100%; The greater the ratio, the stronger the profitability of the enterprise.
4. return on total assets = (total profit+interest expense)/average total assets ×100%; The greater the ratio, the stronger the profitability of the enterprise.
5. Operating profit rate = (operating profit/operating income) ×100%; The greater the ratio, the stronger the profitability of the enterprise.
6. Cost profit rate = (total profit/total cost) ×100%; The greater the ratio, the higher the operating efficiency of the enterprise.
Second, the profit quality analysis
1. Cash recovery rate of all assets = (net cash flow from operating activities ÷ average total assets) ×100%; Compared with the industry average.
2. Profit cash ratio = (net operating cash flow ÷ net profit) ×100%; The greater the ratio, the stronger the quality of corporate earnings, and its value should generally be greater than 1.
3. Sales cash ratio = (cash received from selling goods or providing services ÷ net income from main business) ×100%; The larger the value, the stronger the sales repayment ability and the higher the sales quality.
Third, the solvency analysis
1. Net working capital = current assets-current liabilities = long-term capital-long-term assets; Compare and analyze the enterprise value in successive periods.
2. Current ratio = current assets/current liabilities; Compared with the industry average.
3. Quick ratio = quick assets ÷ current liabilities; Compared with the industry average.
4. Cash ratio = (monetary funds+trading financial assets) ÷ Current liabilities; Compared with the industry average.
5. Cash flow ratio = cash flow from operating activities ÷ current liabilities; Compared with the industry average.
6. Asset-liability ratio = (total liabilities ÷ total assets) ×100%; The lower the ratio, the more secure the enterprise's debt repayment and the safer the loan.
7. Property right ratio and equity multiplier: property right ratio = total liabilities ÷ shareholders' equity, and equity multiplier = total assets ÷ shareholders' equity; The lower the proportion of property rights, the more secure the enterprise's debt repayment and the safer the loan.
8. Interest guarantee multiple = earnings before interest and tax ÷ interest expense = (net profit+interest expense+income tax expense) ÷ interest expense; The greater the interest guarantee multiple, the more secure the interest payment.
9. Cash flow interest guarantee multiple = cash flow from operating activities ÷ interest expense; The greater the multiple of cash flow interest guarantee, the safer the interest payment.
10. Operating cash flow debt ratio = (operating cash flow ÷ total liabilities) ×100%; The higher the ratio, the stronger the ability to repay the total debt.
Fourth, the analysis of operational capacity.
1. Accounts receivable turnover rate: accounts receivable turnover times = sales revenue ÷ accounts receivable; Average collection period =365÷ (sales revenue ÷ accounts receivable); The ratio of accounts receivable to income = accounts receivable ÷ sales income; Compared with the industry average.
2. Inventory turnover rate: inventory turnover times = sales revenue ÷ inventory; Inventory turnover days =365÷ (sales revenue ÷ inventory); Inventory income ratio = inventory ÷ sales income; Compared with the industry average.
3. Turnover rate of current assets: turnover times of current assets = sales revenue ÷ current assets; Turnover days of current assets =365÷ (sales revenue ÷ current assets); Current assets income ratio = current assets ÷ sales income; Compared with the industry average.
4. Net working capital turnover rate: net working capital turnover times = sales income ÷ net working capital; Net working capital turnover days =365÷ (sales revenue ÷ net working capital); The ratio of net working capital to income = net working capital/sales income; Compared with the industry average.
5. Turnover rate of non-current assets: turnover times of non-current assets = sales revenue ÷ non-current assets; Turnover days of non-current assets =365÷ (sales revenue ÷ non-current assets); Income ratio of non-current assets = non-current assets ÷ sales income; Compared with the industry average.
6. Total assets turnover rate: total assets turnover times = sales revenue ÷ total assets; Total assets turnover days =365÷ (sales revenue ÷ total assets) ... >>
Question 5: What are financial statements? What is its basic content? Financial statement is a structural statement of enterprise's financial status, operating results and cash flow. The main contents of financial statements are composed of three parts: header, table body and off-balance sheet explanation. Header content includes five parts: report name, report preparation company name, time (or accounting period), report number and unit of measurement. The table body is the most important part of the report and consists of a series of interrelated economic indicators. Off-balance-sheet explanation is to supplement the matters not reflected in the table body or make necessary explanations for the contents not reflected in detail in the table body.
Question 6: What are the main financial indicators of financial report? From the perspective of different report users, they will pay attention to different financial indicators.
For example, shareholders and investors will pay attention to some profit indicators, such as return on net assets, net profit margin of sales, dividend yield, asset-liability ratio and so on.
From the perspective of creditors, we will pay attention to some indicators related to cash flow, such as interest guarantee rate, interest guarantee coefficient of operating cash flow and so on.
From the perspective of company management, we will pay attention to some operational indicators, such as inventory turnover days, average payment cycle, gross profit margin, net interest rate, operating leverage, financial leverage and so on.
Of course, none of the above is absolute, and financial indicators are far more than these. To comprehensively analyze the situation of a company, we need to consider all aspects of the company's operation through various indicators.
Question 7: What are the indicators of a company's financial analysis?
Two. Operational capability index
Third, profitability indicators.
Four, the development capacity refers to the storage capacity.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) DuPont financial analysis system
Six, the market value analysis of listed companies
Seven, financial analysis index system analysis
I hope the landlord can adopt my answer. Oh, thank you!
Question 8: What does the financial report include? Content, content, compilation, classification and summary of financial report: Financial report is a written document reflecting the financial status and operating results of an enterprise, including balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, statement of changes in owner's equity (which is required to be disclosed in the annual report under the new accounting standards), schedule, notes to accounting statements and financial statements. General international or regional accounting standards have special independent financial reporting standards. "Financial report" is a common term in the world, but the term "financial accounting report" is used in the current relevant laws and administrative regulations in China. In order to maintain the consistency of laws and regulations, the basic standards still do not use the word "financial accounting report", but at the same time introduce the word "financial report", and point out that "financial accounting report" is also called "financial report", thus solving the problem of national conditions in line with international standards. Contents The contents of the financial report: 1. The summary of financial report includes accounting statements and their explanations. The following explains the contents of accounting statements and accounting statements respectively. 2. Accounting statements Accounting statements are written documents prepared regularly by the accounting departments of enterprises and units on the basis of daily accounting, which fully reflect the financial situation and operating results. Accounting statements include balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement; In addition to the balance sheet, public institutions also have income and expenditure tables, business expenditure tables and business expenditure tables. Accounting statements can be divided into monthly, quarterly, semi-annual and annual reports according to the preparation time. Accounting statements can be divided into internal statements and external statements according to the different objects submitted. The number, content, format and submission time of accounting statements required for internal management shall be formulated by the unit itself; Type, format, index content, compilation time, etc. When submitting accounting statements to the outside world, the unified provisions of the relevant accounting system of the state shall be implemented. 3. Balance Sheet The balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects all assets, liabilities and owners' equity of an enterprise (taking the enterprise as an example, the same below) on a specific date (year-end, quarter-end and month-end). Theoretical basis of balance sheet. The theoretical basis of balance sheet is assets = liabilities+owners' equity. ② The basic structure of the balance sheet. The balance sheet is divided into two parts: assets on the left and liabilities and owners' equity on the right; According to their own specific project arrangements, the total assets are equal to the sum of liabilities and owners' equity. ③ Function of balance sheet. A. The asset items in the statement explain all kinds of economic resources owned by the enterprise and their distribution. B. The debt items in the statement show the different repayment periods of the debts undertaken by the enterprise, so as to understand the financial risks faced by the enterprise. C. Owner's equity project, which explains the share of equity held by enterprise investors in enterprise assets, so as to understand the financial strength of the enterprise. D it can be used to understand the future financial situation of an enterprise and predict its development prospect. 4. Income statement The income statement is a statement that reflects the operating results and distribution of an enterprise in a certain period. ① Theoretical basis of income statement. The theoretical basis of income statement is income-expense = profit (or loss). ② The basic structure of the income statement. The income statement can be divided into two forms: single step and multi-step. The multi-step format is: product sales revenue minus product sales cost, product sales expense, product sales tax and surcharge equals product sales profit; Plus other business profits, MINUS management expenses and financial expenses, equal to operating profits; Add investment income and non-operating income, and subtract non-operating expenses, which is equal to the total profit; If the enterprise income tax is reduced, it is equal to the net profit. ③ Function of income statement. A. Reflect the formation steps of the total profit of an enterprise, and reveal the internal relations among the components of the total profit. B report users can evaluate the profitability and performance of enterprises. C. It is beneficial for users of statements to analyze and predict the future profitability of enterprises. 5. Cash flow statement The cash flow statement is a statement of changes in financial position based on the cash system. ① The cash flow statement dynamically shows the cash flow generated by various activities in an accounting period. ② The basic structure of cash flow statement. A main table: listed in the following order: cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from investment activities, cash flow from financing activities and exchange rate changes of cash flow affect the net increase of cash and cash equivalents. B. Supplementary information: including three aspects: a. Investment and financing activities that do not involve cash; B. adjust the net profit to cash flow from operating activities; Opening and closing figures of cash and cash equivalents. 6. Description of accounting statements Description of accounting statements refers to a written report formed by analyzing and summarizing the implementation of accounting statements and financial plan indicators, mainly including ... >; & gt
Question 9: What are the financial indicators of an enterprise's operating conditions?
Short-term solvency index
(1) current ratio = current assets/current liabilities × 100%
Generally speaking, the higher the current ratio, the stronger the short-term solvency. From the creditor's point of view, the higher the current ratio, the better; From the point of view of business operators, too high turnover rate means an increase in opportunity cost and a decrease in profitability.
(2) quick ratio = quick assets/current liabilities × 100%
In which: quick assets = monetary funds+transactional financial assets+accounts receivable+notes receivable.
Generally speaking, the higher the quick ratio, the stronger the solvency of the enterprise; But it will greatly increase the opportunity cost of enterprises because they occupy too much cash and accounts receivable.
Long-term solvency index
(1) Asset-liability ratio = total liabilities/total assets × 100%
Generally speaking, the smaller the asset-liability ratio, the stronger the long-term solvency of enterprises; From the perspective of business owners, the index is too small, indicating that financial leverage is not used enough; The business decision-makers of enterprises should combine the indicators of solvency and profitability for analysis.
(2) Property right ratio = total liabilities/total owners' equity × 100%.
Generally speaking, the lower the proportion of property rights, the stronger the long-term solvency of enterprises, but it also shows that enterprises can not give full play to the financial leverage effect of liabilities.
Second, the operational capacity indicators
Operational capacity is mainly measured by asset turnover rate. Generally speaking, the faster the turnover rate, the higher the efficiency of asset use and the stronger the operational ability. Asset turnover rate is usually expressed by turnover rate and turnover period (turnover days).
The calculation formula is:
Turnover rate (turnover times) = turnover amount/average balance of assets
Turnover period (turnover days) = calculation period days/turnover times = average balance of assets * calculation period days/turnover amount
Third, profitability indicators.
computing formula
Exponential analysis
Operating profit margin = operating profit/operating income × 100%
The higher the index, the stronger the market competitiveness, the greater the development potential and the stronger the profitability of enterprises.
Cost profit rate = total profit/total cost × 100%
Total cost = operating cost+business tax and surcharges+sales expenses+management expenses+financial expenses.
The higher this index is, the smaller the price paid by the enterprise for profit, the better the cost control and the stronger the profitability.
Return on total assets = earnings before interest and tax total/average total assets × 100%.
Total amount of earnings before interest and tax = total profit+interest expense.
Generally speaking, the higher the index, the better the asset utilization efficiency of the enterprise and the stronger the profitability of the whole enterprise.
Return on net assets = net profit/average net assets × 100%
It is generally believed that the higher the rate of return on net assets, the stronger the ability of the enterprise's own capital to obtain income, the better the operating efficiency, and the higher the degree of protection for enterprise investors and creditors.
Four. Development ability index
computing formula
Exponential analysis
Operating income growth rate = operating income growth this year/operating income last year × 100%.
The growth rate of operating income is greater than zero, indicating that the operating income of enterprises has increased this year. The higher the index value, the faster the growth rate of the enterprise and the better the market prospect.
Capital preservation and appreciation rate
= Total owner's equity at the end of the year/total owner's equity at the beginning of the year after deducting objective factors × 100%.
It is generally believed that the higher the rate of capital preservation and appreciation, the better the enterprise's capital preservation and the faster the owner's equity growth; The safer the creditor's debt is. The index should generally be greater than 100%.
Total assets growth rate = total assets growth this year/total assets at the beginning of the year × 100%.
(1) The higher this indicator is, the faster the asset management scale will expand in a certain period;
⑵ When analyzing, we need to pay attention to the relationship between quality and quantity of asset scale expansion, as well as the subsequent development ability of enterprises, so as to avoid blind expansion.
Operating profit growth rate = operating profit growth this year/total operating profit last year × 100%.
Growth of operating profit this year = total operating profit this year-total operating profit last year
An analysis of the comprehensive index of verbs (abbreviation of verb)
Comprehensive index analysis is to bring all the indicators into an organic whole, comprehensively reveal and disclose the operating and financial conditions of the enterprise, so as to accurately judge and evaluate the economic benefits of the enterprise. The comprehensive financial index system must have three basic elements: the index elements are complete and appropriate; Primary and secondary indexing work ... >>
Question 10: What are the commonly used financial analysis indicators? Common indicators of financial analysis
1, liquidity ratio
Liquidity is the ability of an enterprise to generate cash, which depends on the number of current assets that can be converted into cash in the near future.
(1) current ratio
Formula: current ratio = total current assets/total current liabilities
Standard value set by the enterprise: 2
Significance: Reflect the ability of enterprises to repay short-term debts. The more current assets, the less short-term debt, the greater the current ratio, and the stronger the short-term solvency of enterprises.
The analysis shows that the short-term risk of corporate debt is greater when it is lower than normal. Generally speaking, business cycle, the amount of accounts receivable in current assets and inventory turnover rate are the main factors affecting the current ratio.
(2) Quick ratio
Formula: quick ratio = (total current assets-inventory)/total current liabilities.
Conservative quick ratio =0.8 (monetary fund+short-term investment+notes receivable+net accounts receivable)/current liabilities.
Standard value set by the enterprise: 1.
2. Asset management ratio
(1) Inventory turnover rate
Formula: inventory turnover rate = product sales cost/[(opening inventory+ending inventory) /2]
Standard value set by the enterprise: 3
(2) Inventory turnover days
Formula: inventory turnover days =360/ inventory turnover rate =[360* (beginning inventory+ending inventory) /2]/ product sales cost.
Standard value set by the enterprise: 120.
(3) Accounts receivable turnover rate
Definition: The average number of times accounts receivable are converted into cash during the specified analysis period.
Formula: accounts receivable turnover rate = sales revenue/[(accounts receivable at the beginning+accounts receivable at the end) /2]
Standard value set by the enterprise: 3
(4) Average collection period
Definition: indicates the time required for an enterprise to obtain the right of accounts receivable, recover the money and convert it into cash.
Formula: average collection period = 360/ accounts receivable turnover rate.
= (accounts receivable at the beginning+accounts receivable at the end) /2]/ product sales revenue
Standard value set by the enterprise: 100.
(5) Business cycle
Formula: business cycle = inventory turnover days+average collection cycle.
= {[(opening inventory+ending inventory) /2]* 360}/ product sales cost+{[(opening accounts receivable+ending accounts receivable) /2]* 360}/ product sales revenue
Standard value set by the enterprise: 200.
(6) Turnover rate of current assets
Formula: turnover rate of current assets = sales revenue/[(current assets at the beginning+current assets at the end) /2]
Standard value set by the enterprise: 1.
(7) Total assets turnover rate
Formula: total assets turnover rate = sales revenue/[(total assets at the beginning+total assets at the end) /2]
Standard value set by the enterprise: 0.8
3. Debt ratio
Debt ratio is the ratio reflecting the relationship between liabilities and assets and net assets. It reflects the ability of enterprises to pay long-term debts due.
(1) Asset-liability ratio
Formula: Asset-liability ratio = (total liabilities/total assets) * 100%
Standard value set by the enterprise: 0.7
(2) Proportion of property rights
Formula: Property right ratio = (total liabilities/shareholders' equity) * 100%
Standard value set by the enterprise: 1.2.
(3) tangible net debt ratio
Formula: debt ratio of tangible assets = [total liabilities/(shareholders' equity-intangible assets) ]* 100%
Standard value set by the enterprise: 1.5.
(4) Multiples of earning interest
Formula: Earned interest multiple = EBIT/interest expense.
= (total profit+financial expenses)/(interest expenses in financial expenses+capitalized interest)
Generally, an approximate formula can also be used:
Earned interest multiple = (total profit+financial expenses)/financial expenses
The standard value set by the enterprise: 2.5.
4. Profit rate
Profitability is the ability of an enterprise to earn profits. Investors and debtors are very concerned about this project. When analyzing profitability, factors such as abnormal items such as securities trading, business items that have been or will be stopped, special items such as major accidents or legal changes, and cumulative effects caused by changes in accounting policies and financial systems should be excluded.
(1) net sales rate
Formula: net profit rate of sales = net profit ... >>