Tubo people's clothes were originally made of cattle and sheep fur. Bai Juyi's poem "Bound Ren Rong" records that Tubo people "wear fur belts". The belts have national characteristics, which are different from those of the Han nationality and the northern nationalities and the western regions. Instead, they are woven by textile achievements. It is worth noting that cow hair is also used in spinning achievements, and high-grade wool blended with cattle, sheep and wool is called wool. This kind of wool has been introduced to the western regions, and the characteristic costumes of Tubo people are cloaks and shawls. Since the introduction of silk, most of its nobles have changed to silk, and Zampa is silk. Its officials are divided into five grades by arm ornaments, with rustling, gold, gold ornaments, silver and copper as five grades, which are mounted on a three-inch square and placed on the shoulders. In the eighth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (634), Songzan Gambu sent envoys to make peace with Tang, and Tang also sent officials to Tibet. In 638 AD, Songtsan Gambu sent a special envoy to Chang 'an for marriage, and donated 5,200 yuan to treasure hundreds of things. Two years later, he sent minister Lu Dongzan to propose to Tang. Emperor Taizong promised to marry Princess Wencheng, the daughter of the imperial clan, to Zangpu Songzan Gambu, a Tibetan monk, and sent Shangshu of the Ministry of Rites and Li Daozong, king of Jiangxia, to hold a festival escort. In 64 1 year, Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, and the old Tang book recorded that Songzan Gambu personally greeted Heyuan. Princess Wencheng lived in Tubo for nearly 40 years and died in 680.
When Songtsan Gambu was alive, Tang and Fan maintained a peaceful and friendly relationship, and the exchanges between envoys of the two sides increased year by year. According to incomplete statistics, from the fourth year of Zhenguan (630) to 842, there were *** 19 1 times of exchanges between the two sides, including 66 visits by Tang officials and 25 visits by Tibetan officials. In 645, Emperor Taizong returned to Chang 'an after a personal expedition to Goguryeo. Songzan Gambu sent Galdon Zanyu Song to Chang 'an to congratulate Dajie, and presented a seven-foot-tall golden goose as a gift. In 648, Wang Xuance, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, was ordered to send troops to Tianzhu, which coincided with the Tianzhu War. When the envoys of the Tang Dynasty were robbed, Wang Xuance fled to Tubo, and Songzan Gambu sent troops to help, recruiting Nepalis. Wang Xuance led him to Tianzhu, put down the war, made the delegation of Datang return smoothly, and presented him as a prisoner in Chang 'an. Later, Wang Xuance spent three years in Tang Gaozong (658) and went to Tianzhu through Tubo. Up to now, there is a cliff stone carving named "Inscription by Datang Tianzhu" in Jilong County, Tibet. In the summer of 649, Emperor Taizong died and acceded to the throne. He sent an envoy to Tibet to mourn, and named Songzanganbu the king of Xihai County and a captain of Xu. Songtsan Gampo sent a special envoy to Chang 'an to pay homage, presented 15 kinds of gold and silver jewelry in front of Emperor Taizong's mausoleum, and wrote a letter to express his congratulations and support for Tang Gaozong's accession to the throne. He also sent a letter to Stuart Wuji, saying, "The son of heaven has just ascended the throne. If his deputies are disloyal, they should stop fighting and go to the country to get rid of it. " Song Zan Gambu was named "Captain Xu" and "King of Xihai County", and Song Zan Gambu was named "King" in Jin Dynasty, and a stone statue of Song Zan Gambu was carved, taking photos with princes and ministers such as Gaochang, Yan Qi, Yutian, Tuguhun, Xue Yantuo and Ashinashe in Tang Dynasty.
After the death of Songzan Gambu in 650, his grandson Mangzong Mangzan (Chinese: Mansong Mounttsen) succeeded to Zambu, and minister Gadongzan Yusong assisted in the administration of state affairs. Gadong Zanyu Song inherited the policy of Songzan Gambu, improved the law, checked the household registration, determined the tax burden, and stabilized the interior of Tubo. Gadong praised Song for taking advantage of the internal disputes of Tuguhun's royal family to lead troops to attack Tuguhun many times, and even clashed with Datang, which supported Tuguhun. In 670, in order to support Tuyuhun, the Tang Dynasty dispatched 50,000 troops to escort King Tuyuhun back to Qinghai. After receiving the information, Gail Qinling Mausoleum immediately mobilized more than 200,000 troops of Tubo to confront it. Tang Jun was defeated in the Great Africa-Sichuan War south of Qinghai Lake. From then on, Tubo firmly controlled the western part of Qinghai, but Tubo and Tang Dynasty failed to compete for Anxi, and Tang Dynasty controlled Anxi Beiting Hexi Longyou for a long time. At the end of the 7th century and the beginning of the 8th century, during the period from Wu Zetian to Princess Zhongzong Taiping, there were many conflicts in the Tang Dynasty, which killed Fangyi Wang, Heiya Changzhi and Cheng Wuting and weakened their own strength. In 676, Man Songman Zan died, and his posthumous title juniper and Mumbo were established as Zanpu, and the Geerqin Mausoleum continued to be in charge. Due to the long-term monopoly of the Gaelic family, conflicts with other nobles also threatened the consolidation of Zampa's royal power. When he grew up, Juniper Mumbo crusaded against the Gaelic family in 695-698, and Qin Mausoleum committed suicide in Zongka, Qinghai. His brother Zampa and his son Mangbu led the troops to the Tang Dynasty, and Zampa was awarded the assistant general of the country. Mangbu first awarded Anguo, and then awarded the king of Sichuan County with meritorious military service.
After Juniper Mambojie cut off the Gaelic people, the Tubo kingship was strengthened and consolidated, but Juniper Mambojie died during his expedition to Nanzhao in 704. His son, Chidezu, agreed to become the Tubo throne in and was the longest-serving monarch of Tubo. Because he was born less than a year ago, his grandmother did not join the government's Luban. During this period, in Wu Zetian's later years, both sides were trapped by years of war and hoped to restore peace and friendship. When Juniper Mumbo was alive, Chima Bander failed to get a wife for him, and later failed to get a wife for Cheddar Zuzan. After the death of Wu Zetian in 705, Tang Zhongzong resumed the throne of the Tang Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. In 703, the Tubo sent envoys to offer 1,000 horses and 2,200 gold to propose marriage. In 707 AD, the Tang Dynasty abducted Tubo Zampa, the daughter of Wang Yong and the wife of Princess Jincheng. In July10, Zhang Xuanbiao, the protector of Anxi, invaded and plundered the northern territory of Tubo. Tubo, though disgusted, did not break up with him. Tubo bribed Yang Ju, governor of Yanzhou in the Tang Dynasty, and obtained the land of Nine Songs (now southeast Qinghai Province). In 7 14, the two sides clashed again. In the Tang Dynasty, Xue Ne and Zhang led Tang Jun to defeat the Tubo army, killing tens of thousands of enemies. In 722, Tubo invaded Brou, which was then a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty. The ambassador of the North Court sent Zhang Yinbing, the deputy envoy of Shule, to rescue him. Break the Tubo army and capture tens of thousands. From 728 to 729 AD, Zhang Shousheng and Li Yi defeated the Tubo army in the Tang Dynasty several times, stretching for more than a thousand miles. In May, 730, Tubo sent a letter to make peace with the earth. Zapp said in the above table that "niece is still a princess, or a family." In the middle, Zhang Xuanbiao and others dispatched troops to seize money first, making the two places hostile. My nephew knows his rank, how dare he be rude! Just because the border will be handed over, I will be convicted by my uncle. Those who sent envoys to North Korea repeatedly were suppressed by the border generals. I'm glad you sent a messenger to see the princess from a distance. Repair the old, die without hate! "Naturally, the Tubo complex is incidental. In 73 1 year, Princess Chizu Dezan and Princess Jincheng sent envoys to ask for Shi Mao, Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan from the Tang Dynasty, and demanded to delimit the mutual market. Chi Zudezan said in the table: "My nephew is the uncle of my late emperor and the princess of Jincheng. Therefore, we are a family and everyone in the world is happy. "In 733, Tang and Fan erected a monument in Chiling (Sun Moon Mountain, Qinghai), and in Chiling and Gan Song Ridge, officials from both sides will attend, and they will inform both sides to make up and prohibit looting each other.
Soon, because both Tang and Fan wanted to expand their influence, the border generals also wanted to gain fame from the war, and the war broke out. Tubo joined hands with Tuqishi in the north and Nanzhao in Yunnan in the southeast, posing a great threat to the Tang Dynasty. In 742, my ambassador to Longyou, Huang Weiming, defeated the Tibetan Daling Army, broke more than 30,000 people in the Mangbu camp of Qinghai Road, and gained more than 5,000 troops. Wang Qi, our envoy in Hexi, played fishing and games, and defeated the Tubo army. Wang Nande attacked Lang Zhidu, the son of Tubo Zampa. In 743, Huangfu Weiming led an army out of Xiping, attacked Tubo, traveled thousands of miles, and breached Hongji City. In 746, Wang Zhongsi led the troops and fought with Tubo many times in Qinghai and Jishi, and both won great victories. He also cut down the Tubo kingdom, ploughed the grain into the ink, leveled the country, and returned home with all of it. In 747, Gao Xianzhi led Tang Jun's 10,000-person expedition to Little Brou (at this time, Little Brou was already a vassal state of Tubo), and nearly 10,000 Tubo defenders fought to the death, beheaded 5,000 people and captured more than 1,000 people. Gao Xianzhi continued to March, capturing young Bolu, King Bolu and his wife Princess Tubo. In 747, he fought hard to pull out the sea, and Geshuhan led the army to break the three-way Tubo army and was invincible. In the battle of Jishi Army, 5000 Tibetan cavalry were wiped out. In 748, Ge Hanshu built a Shenwei army at the seaside of Qinghai, and Tubo broke it; Yinglong City was also built, and the Tubo screen did not dare to approach Qinghai.
In 749, Geshuhan captured Shibao City. This area became the new Tang Jun station, and in the following years, nine new permanent troops were established in the northwest of the Tang Dynasty. From 749 to 750, Gao Xianzhi led the army to defeat Sapi, Zhu Shi and Tuqishi successively. In the first month of spring in the tenth year of Tianbao, Gao Xianzhi went to the DPRK to capture the Tubo Tusi and Si Wang, and suddenly rode Khan. In 753, Geshuhan defeated Tubo, captured the Tubo cities Hongji and Damen, and occupied the land of Jiuqu (now southeast Qinghai Province). Feng Changqing led the army to break the law of joining Tubo and surrendered. In 754, Feng Changqing led an army to become immortal. At this time, the dividing line between Tang and Tubo has been pushed to the west of Qinghai Lake and Yellow River meander. At this point, the Tang dynasty has occupied an obvious advantage in the battlefield with dragons. In the battlefield of the Western Regions, Tang Jun led by Gao Xianzhi and Feng Changqing also won good news frequently.
In 755, the "An Shi Rebellion" occurred in the Tang Dynasty, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy a large area of Longyou and Hexi Datang. In the winter of 763, in the Tang Dynasty, the monarch and ministers were at odds, and Tang Shuofang's army deliberately set up the Tubo army to move eastward. Tubo concentrated about 200,000 troops eastward, occupied Chang 'an, and Tang Daizong rushed out of Shaanxi. Fifteen days after the Tubo army occupied Chang 'an, it was heard that Guo Ziyi was approaching the army of the King of Tang and Qin, and the Tubo army retreated. The Anshi Rebellion, the Zhu Tong Rebellion, and so on, were fought many times in the Tang Dynasty, and Tubo took the opportunity to win some, but in the Tang Dynasty, Guo Ziyi, Li Sheng, Wei Gao, Shi Jingfeng and so on, the Tubo army was fought many times. Later, Zhang Yichao reoccupied Hexi and Longyou and joined the Tang Dynasty. Later, the Tubo kingdom had diplomatic difficulties and died first.
According to historical records, from 705 to 822 AD, the Tang Dynasty allied with Tubo eight times, and the monument of the eighth alliance still stands in front of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. After the Anshi Rebellion, Wei Gao and Shi Jingfeng led Tang Jun to attack the Tubo army many times, making peace between Tubo and Tang. The eighth alliance was held in the first year to the second year of Tang Muzong Changqing (82 1 to 822), so it was also called "Changqing Alliance".
The Tang Dynasty fought Tubo for more than 200 years. In the battle of Songzhou, Tang Jun defeated the Tubo army, and Tubo withdrew from Tangut, Bailanqiang and Tuguhun in Qinghai, and the western regions were gradually controlled by the Tang Dynasty. Wu Zetian, Emperor Gaozong, fought during the reign of Tang Zhongzong. Tubo said that Qin Mausoleum won several wars and occupied the western part of Qinghai, but failed to compete for Anxi. Qin Mausoleum asked Tang to withdraw from Anxi, but he was rejected and helpless. The Tang Dynasty controlled the northwest imperial court in Longyou and Hexi for a long time. Li Jue, Xue Ne, Zhang, Wang Zhongsi, Ge and Gao Xianzhi defeated the Tubo army many times, or killed tens of thousands of enemies, or opened up territory, pushed forward the front line to the west of Qinghai Lake in the east, drove Tubo out of Bolu and Bolu in the northwest, and suppressed Tubo from east to northwest; Later, the Anshi Rebellion, Zhuba Rebellion, and so on, the infighting in the Tang Dynasty seriously weakened itself many times, and the Tubo took the opportunity to make some gains, but Gao He and Shi Jingfeng of the Tang Dynasty repeatedly attacked the Tubo army, and then the Tubo kingdom suffered from diplomatic difficulties and died first. In the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, early Tibetan myths and legends believed that Tibetans originated in the east, that is, the neighboring areas of Sichuan, Tibet and Qinghai today. The historical records of Tibet also mention the blood relationship between the ancient Qiang people and the Mibodong family in Tibet. Therefore, some people think that Tibetans originated from the ancient Qiang people, that is, "Han and Tibet are of the same origin." Primitive Tibetans are called Faqiang in China history books. Before the 6th century, there were many small countries and tribes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Many people spoke Tibetan, and there were some descendants of Qiang people and Xianbei people. These tribes later merged into 12 small states, among which the Qiang people in the Yalong River valley in the south of the mountain were the most powerful, which not only unified the states, but also established the Tubo dynasty, and later formed the Tubo nation and established Tubo.