1. Spice is a substance that can be detected by smell or tasted by taste.
It is the raw material for preparing essence. Spice is an important part of fine chemicals. Spice is also commonly known as fennel. 2. Classification: mainly divided into natural spices and artificial spices. Natural spices can be divided into animal natural spices and plant natural spices, which are aromatic substances extracted from flowers, fruits, leaves, stems, roots, skins or animal secretions of natural plants. Artificial spices can also be divided into isolated spices and synthetic spices. 3. Application of perfume: The main purpose is to prepare essence. Flavors are also called mixed spices. Plant spices are usually used to add stewed meat, which can enrich the taste of food. 4. It smells good!
Edit the production of spices in this paragraph.
1. Production of natural spices: There are eight main production methods of plant natural spices: 1. 1 distillation-1.2 essential oil extraction-extract, tincture and oleoresin. Clean oil 1.3 pressing method-essential oil 1.4 absorption method-balsam 1.5 enzymatic extraction 1.6 supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) 1.7 molecular distillation 1.8 microwave extraction 2. Production of separated spices16.19686.199669668966
Edit the history of spices in this section.
Spice has a long history, which can be traced back to the Shennong era five thousand years ago. Spices were collected and planted long ago.
Things are used as medical supplies to ward off epidemics and avoid filth. At that time, human beings paid great attention to the fragrance emitted by plants. When they smell the fragrance of flowers in full bloom, they feel both beauty and pleasure. Offering flowers, fruits, resins and other aromatic substances to God is full of fragrance, reaching a perfect religious realm. Therefore, in ancient times, these aromatic substances were used for worship, sacrifice, physical and mental cleansing and funeral, and later gradually used for diet, decoration and beauty. There were records of powder rouge in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Zhang wrote "burning lead and tin as powder", and China's ancient and modern notes also mentioned that "rouge begins with dust". Jiu Yun said, "Since the third generation, lead has been powder, Qin Mugong female jade has been the capacity, and small stones have been painted with mercury as powder, also known as non-Yun Dan, and finally rose with the flute music. After the Spring and Autumn Period, Gong powder rouge was also used by folk women. It is amazing to describe the huge consumption of cosmetics by maids in Epang Palace Fu. " Qi Min Yao Ji recorded the methods of making rouge, flour, blue cream and grinding cream. Foreign countries also have a history of thousands of years. In 3500 BC, the tomb of the Egyptian emperor Yanis was excavated in 1987, and it was found that the paste in the exquisite ointment jar still had fragrance, which seemed to be resin or balsam. Now it can be seen in the British Museum or the Cairo Museum in Egypt. Monks may be the main collectors, manufacturers and users of spices. In BC 1350, when Egyptians took a bath, they used sesame oil or sesame oil, which was considered to be beneficial to the skin. At that time, thyme, oregano, myrrh, frankincense, sesame oil, almond oil and olive oil were probably used as media. Musk was also used very early, about 500 BC. After Egyptian culture spread to Greece and Rome in the 7th century A.D., spices became valuable things, that is, the hobby of the aristocratic class. In order to seek bananas and spices from all over the world, it promoted ocean navigation, promoted the discovery of the new continent, and made great contributions to the history of human transportation. Chapter 30 of Exodus records: "Please take spices, namely storax, myrrh, Liquidambar formosana and pure frankincense. All kinds of spices must have the same weight, and then make incense according to the technology of making spices ... "The spices mentioned in this paper are all made of natural substances such as resin, and some of them are still in use today. In the same chapter, there are also records about making sesame oil. The raw materials used are liquid myrrh, cinnamon, cassia twig and olive oil. The demand for spices is increasing, and it is inconvenient to transport grass roots and bark, and flowers can't be supplied all the year round. Therefore, in the Middle Ages, Arabs began to run the spice industry and extracted oil from flowers by distillation. The more famous ones are rose oil and rose water. After the Middle Ages, there was trade between Asia and Europe, and spices were one of the important items. Spices from China were also transported to the west along the Silk Road. The oldest perfume "Hungarian water" appeared in 1370, and it was also the first perfume to try to extract aromatic substances with ethanol. At first, it may be distilled from only one kind of rosemary, and then it contains lavender and oregano. The fragrance blending at this time is a great progress compared with the original use of pure natural perfume plants. There are spices, floral, fruity, woody and other essential oils and ointments for perfumers, and the fragrance or rhyme is becoming more and more complicated. 1670, Mary Shedumont was created as "La Poudre a la Marechale", which was famous for two centuries. This is also considered as a model of a new flavor formula. In the17th century, people found that not only natural plant essential oils were used for flavoring, but also natural animal spices were used. 1708, Charles Lili, a perfumer in Rendun, made a fragrant snuff, which contained the comprehensive aroma of "dragon saliva, orange blossom, musk, civet cat and violet". 1708, the famous Eau de cologne (also known as cologne) came out. Its original purpose was to remove toxic substances and kill bacteria, but it was soon widely used as washing water because of its interesting and harmonious citrus fragrance and herbal fragrance. This fragrance is very popular, and the herbal fragrance is popular all over the world, and it has been popular until today, and it has been greatly improved and developed. This is indeed a very successful fragrance creation. Before the eighteenth century, all perfume manufacturers could get were natural animal and plant spices provided by nature. Although the prepared perfume and essence are better than the original blending, they have certain limitations, so they are called "natural" spices.
Mixed incense. After entering the19th century, with the rapid development of organic chemistry and synthetic perfume industry, many new spices have come out one after another, and the imagination of perfumers has become more and more rich, and perfumers have gradually changed from naturalism to realism, impressionism to expressionism, expressionism and realism. It is still developing and needs people to explore and innovate constantly. The earliest synthetic perfume was 1834, and nitrobenzene was artificially synthesized. It was soon discovered that the main component of wintergreen oil was methyl salicylate, and the component of bitter almond oil was benzaldehyde. These spices were all synthesized by chemical methods. Coumarin of hay was synthesized in 1868, and ionone of violet was synthesized in 1893. These compounds enter the market as important synthetic spices. Modern perfume began to enter the market in the second half of the19th century, after the perfume company was established in the south of France. However, perfume was an expensive luxury at that time, and only upper-class women would use it when socializing. The perfume company has been supported and protected by the court. Synthetic spice industry, natural spice industry, namely essential oil industry, blended spice industry and edible spice industry are collectively called spice industry. The essential oil industry mainly deals with essential oils extracted from plants. Oil recovery methods include steam distillation, squeezing, extraction and supercritical extraction. Most essential oils are directly used as raw materials of spices without treatment, but sometimes the main components in essential oils are separated and used, and some are mainly used as raw materials for synthesizing spices. With the increasing consumption of synthetic spices, a large number of cheap and guaranteed raw materials are needed. At present, the raw materials used in the synthetic perfume industry are mainly citronella oil and turpentine in natural essential oils, and acetylene, acetone and isoprene in chemical products. At present, the development of new synthetic spices has also made continuous progress. Mainly by oxidation, reduction, condensation, rearrangement, decomposition, esterification and other chemical reactions. When refining spices, it is very important not only to improve the purity, but also to remove odorous trace substances. The perfume used in cosmetics is not a single essential oil or synthetic perfume, but a mixed perfume made according to the target fragrance type, ranging from several kinds to hundreds. This industry is called seasoning. Just like painting, it is an artistic creation to modulate the fragrance that meets the purpose, so people who undertake this kind of work need artistic creativity and artistic appeal. The person who develops the perfume formula is called the perfumer. The cultivation of perfumers requires years of hard work and training, and accumulated considerable experience to be competent for this kind of work. It is precisely because the spice industry is a high value-added industry that the relevant consortia have devoted their greatest efforts to this industry.
Edit this natural spice.
It is made of leaves, stems, stems, bark, flowers, fruits, seeds and roots of aromatic plants or spices of aromatic animals.
Secretions, etc. The extracted aromatic substances have certain volatility and complex components. The extraction methods include: ① steam distillation and water distillation, which are widely used to extract oil from leaves, stems, stems, bark, seeds and roots, such as mint, cypress, cinnamon, vetiver and litsea cubeba seeds. ② The pressing method and cold pressing method are mainly used to extract oil from citrus fruits such as sweet orange, lemon and fragrant lemon. Because this method does not heat, the obtained essential oil has a fresh fragrance. ③ Solvent leaching method is mainly used for processing flowers, aromatic plant resins and spices. The volatile organic solvents used are petroleum ether, ethanol, acetone, etc. , according to different raw materials. The substances obtained by removing the solvent from the flower extract are called extracts, such as jasmine extract and magnolia extract. ; If it is obtained from resin, it is called aromatic resin, such as windbreak resin, benzoin resin and so on. In terms of spices, it is called oleoresin, such as Chili oleoresin, celery rapeseed oil resin and so on. Because the extract contains a lot of wax, its solubility is poor. Alcohol is commonly used to extract alcohol-soluble aroma components, filter out insoluble wax, and finally evaporate ethanol under reduced pressure to obtain pure oil. The extraction of natural spices with liquid butane, carbon dioxide and supercritical fluid is a relatively new process, which is only used in a few perfume factories at present. Precious animal spices, such as musk, Long Xianxiang, civet cat and castoreum, are usually made into tinctures with ethanol. Plants containing essential oils are distributed in many families and genera, mainly Labiatae, Myrtaceae, Compositae, Rutaceae, Pinaceae, Umbelliferae, Lauraceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae and Cupressaceae, and their producing areas are all over the world. For example, mint, cinnamon, cinnamon leaves, star anise, litsea cubeba seeds, citronella, osmanthus fragrans, jasmine, Prynne and Eupatorium adenophorum in China; Sandalwood and lemon grass in India, jasmine in Egypt, rosewood in Guyana, clove in Tanzania, cinnamon in Sri Lanka, vanilla in Madagascar, bitter orange leaves in Paraguay, lavender in France, roses in Bulgaria, spearmint in the United States and oranges in Italy are all internationally renowned. There are about 200 ~ 300 kinds of natural spices commonly used in the world, and there are more than 65,438+000 kinds in China, among which Jasmine parviflora, Prynne and Eupatorium adenophorum are unique products in China. In addition, spices produced by biotechnology such as fermentation, such as butyric acid, butanedione, benzaldehyde, etc. , also belong to natural spices. In recent years, this kind of spices has been paid attention to and developed in edible flavors.
Edit this synthetic perfume.
Include fully synthetic perfume, semi-synthetic perfume and separated perfume. Fully synthetic spices synthesized from chemical raw materials, such as coumarin, phenylethanol and linalool synthesized from acetylene and acetone; Pure aroma components separated from essential oil by physical or chemical methods are called separation spices, such as citral separated from litsea cubeba seed oil and cedarwood brain separated from cedarwood oil. Semi-synthetic spices are derived from terpenoids in separated spices or essential oils through chemical reactions, such as ionone made from citral and terpineol synthesized from pinene. Most kinds of isolated spices and semi-synthetic spices can also be prepared by total synthesis, but there are slight differences in aroma quality. The production of synthetic spices is not limited by natural conditions, with stable quality and low price, and many products do not exist in nature but have unique fragrance, so they have developed rapidly in the past 20 years. The development of synthetic perfume mainly includes three aspects: ① the synthesis of natural products, such as geraniol and tectonone; Chemical processing of bulk essential oil materials, such as pinene (turpentine) and citronellal (citronellal); ③ Utilization of organic chemical raw materials, such as coal tar products and petrochemical raw materials. There are more than 2000 kinds of commonly used synthetic spices, and the output varies. According to the chemical structure, the classification and structure of synthetic spices can be divided into hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, ethers, acids, esters, lactones, aldehydes, ketones, acetals (ketones), nitriles, heterocycles and so on. The molecular weight of synthetic perfume is between 50 and 300. The larger the molecular weight, the smaller the volatility and the weaker the aroma. Small changes in molecular structure, including different substituent positions, geometric isomerism and stereoisomerism, will lead to different fragrances. For example, vanillin (3- methoxy -4- hydroxybenzaldehyde) has a pleasant smell of vanilla beans, while its isomer 2- hydroxy -3- methoxybenzaldehyde has an unpleasant smell similar to phenol. Nerol and geraniol are cis-trans geometric isomers, and the former has a softer and sweeter aroma. Cis-trans rose ether is a stereoisomer, and cis has the best aroma. The relationship between the molecular structure and sensory characteristics of spices is a subject that spice chemists are actively studying. Production methods Synthetic methods involve many organic reactions, which can be mainly divided into oxidation, reduction, esterification, substitution, condensation, addition, cyclization and isomerization. As long as there are trace impurities with unpleasant smell in synthetic spices, the overall quality will be destroyed. Therefore, the purification of synthetic spices is a very important issue. The common purification methods are vacuum distillation and crystallization. The production of synthetic spices in China developed after 1950s, and concentrated in Shanghai, Tianjin and other places. The main raw materials used in production are citronella oil, litsea cubeba seed oil, camphor oil, cedar oil, turpentine, castor oil, fusel oil, aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols. There are more than 600 kinds of products such as vanillin, coumarin, phenylethanol, jasmonal and artificial sandalwood, which enjoy a high reputation in the international market.
Edit this essence
This is a harmonious and lovely mixture, made of natural and synthetic spices and exquisite spices. It is not a direct consumer product, but a supporting raw material added to other products. Although the amount added is not large, it is closely related to the quality and grade of perfumed products. The fragrance types of daily cosmetics mainly include floral fragrance, Qing Xiang fragrance, aldehyde fragrance, cymbidium fragrance, oriental fragrance, fruit fragrance, exotic fragrance, citrus fragrance, animal fragrance, woody fragrance, grass fragrance and spicy fragrance. Essence should have good adaptability in different media, otherwise it will cause bad consequences such as deterioration and discoloration. Edible flavors usually have different flavors of fruit, frankincense, chocolate, nuts, wine and meat. It is an important food additive, and most of the raw materials used come from natural products. Edible essence is of great significance to the development of food industry.
Edit the application of spices in this paragraph.
In order to ensure the safety of use, many countries have rules or regulations on the toxicology of various spices. For example, the American Spice Research Institute and the European International Daily Spice Association have specially formulated the Regulations on the Administration of Daily Chemicals and Spices. The American Association of Seasonings and Extracts Manufacturers and the European Council have made a rigorous assessment of the safety of edible spices, and announced the spices that are generally considered safe and their dosage. The Spice Sub-committee of China National Food Additive Standardization Technical Committee is responsible for reviewing the safety regulations in this respect. Flavors and fragrances are widely used in environmental hygiene products, such as soap, detergent, various cosmetics (cold cream, vanishing cream, hair cream, hair wax, shampoo, toilet water and perfume, etc. ), skin care and beauty products, toothpaste, air cleaning bactericide, candy, biscuits, beverages, cigarettes, wine, soybean milk, dairy products, vegetable protein foods, medicines, paper, plastics, leather, etc. Large-scale perfume companies include American International Flavor and Essence Company, Swiss Chihuaton Company, Haarman-Laimei Company of the Federal Republic of Germany, Dutch Nalden International Company, Japanese Gaosha Spice Industry Company, etc. The International Essential Oil Conference is an international professional conference, and its activities involve agriculture and processing of spice plants, analysis and utilization of essential oil components, synthesis and trade of spices and so on. Generally held once every three years. From 65438 to 0983, representatives of China attended the ninth session held in Singapore for the first time.
Edit this passage of China ancient spices.
Shouyang princess plum blossom fragrance
[Medicine] Aquilaria Resinatum is 722 yuan, 520 yuan is fragrant, 420 yuan is fragrant with chicken tongue, 220 yuan is fragrant with sandalwood and musk, 600 yuan is fragrant with musk, 400 yuan is fragrant with Lingling, 200 yuan is fragrant with Jiaxiang (legal system), and a little borneol. [Preparation] Mash Luo fine powder, refine honey and mix well, and the pill is as big as a bean. [Usage] If it is.
Xuanhe Guifaye Wong Shi Jinxiang
[Medicine] Eight ounces of real wax, eight ounces of agarwood, two ounces of sandalwood, two ounces of mirabilite, four ounces of onyx (prepared), two ounces of incense, half cloves of clove, one ounce of musk, and four ounces of white brain [prepared] are fine powders, which are refined with honey first, fragrant before entering the brain, musk is a pill with unlimited size, and gold foil is used as a coat. [Usage] Ruo as usual.
Hua Rui ya Xiang lady
[Medicine] Aquilaria Resinatum, Zhanxiang, Sandalwood, Olibanum, Borneolum Syntheticum, Rhizoma Amorphophalli and Moschus. 【 Preparation 】 In addition to Borneolum Syntheticum, the charcoal powder and mirabilite are mashed together, and raw honey is mixed evenly. It is put into a porcelain box and boiled for more than ten times, and taken out for seven days. [Usage] I know how to make cakes like the palm of my hand
Tang kaiyuan palace incense
[Medicine] Aquilaria Resinatum (fine file, hanging in a silk bag, not touching the bottom, soaked in honey and boiled with slow fire for one day), Sandalwood (soaked in green tea for one night, so that the smell of Sandalwood is not smelled), Borneolum Syntheticum (researched separately), Musk Erliang, Jiaxiang and Mayo Nitrate. [Preparation] Put the fine powder on it, mix the honey evenly, take it out in the next month, and spin it into brain musk pills.
Jiangnan lizhuzhang middle lane
[Medicine] One or two agarwood (the file is as big as a wick) and Styrax oil (hidden in porcelain). [Preparation] Add incense and oil, seal and soak for 100 days. [Usage] If it is. Rose water is better.
Hanjianninggongzhong lane
[Medicine] Four kilograms of yellow ripe incense, two kilograms of Typhonium Typhonium and Maoxiang, five ounces of clove peel, four ounces of agastache leaves, four ounces of Lingxiang, four ounces of sandalwood, four ounces of angelica dahurica, four ounces of raw Xiang Jie, two ounces of fennel, half a catty of Gan Song, one or two ounces of frankincense (researched separately) and half a catty of jujube (baked). [Method] Fine powder is added, honey is refined and mixed evenly, and pills or cakes are made after more than one month. [Usage] If it is.
Han Wei workers and peasants Xiang Mei
[Medicine] Half of the black horn sinks, one yuan of clove, one yuan of wax tea powder, five cents of turmeric (small, parched with wheat bran), one word of musk, one meter of fixed powder and one yuan of white honey. [Preparation] First, finely grind the musk deer, clarify the musk deer, mix it with the late tea soup, and then add the agarwood, clove, turmeric and tea powder. * * * Fine grinding is the place where honey thickens and put it in a sand bottle. It's best to burn it in a month. [Usage] When burning, it is lined with mica or silver leaves.
Mosquito repellent incense
[Medicine] Maoxiang is one hundred and twenty-five yuan, Asarum is one hundred and twenty-five yuan, Linglingxiang is one hundred and twenty-five yuan, Yamashita is one hundred and twenty-five yuan, Sichuan pepper is one hundred and twenty-five yuan, Pogostemon is six points, San Qian is six points, and zedoary is one hundred and twenty-seven. [Preparation] * * * Grinding into coarse powder.
Baihexiang
[Medicine] Five taels of flower water, two taels of clove, chicken bone, Dalbergia odorifera and Jiaxiang respectively, two taels of fragrant Lu, white sandalwood, cooked, charcoal powder, one tael of fragrant Lingling, patchouli, green Gui Xiang, camphor tree, radix aristolochiae, licorice rosin, and one tael of fragrant Quetouxiang, storax, musk and two taels. [Preparation] At the end of the last twenty flavors, sprinkle wine to soften it, then let the wine stand, mix it with white honey, put it into porcelain and seal it with wax paper. [Usage] It is especially good in winter.