First, direct restrictions, that is, shareholders holding more than a certain proportion of shares have weaker voting rights than ordinary shares, that is, these shares are no longer one person, one vote, but more than one share enjoys one person, one vote;
Second, indirect restrictions; That is to say, by stipulating the minimum number of attendees and the minimum number of voting rights required for the passage of bills of different companies, it is more difficult for major shareholders to abuse their voting rights, thus indirectly achieving the restrictive effect;
The third is the restriction on proxy voting rights. Due to the large number and high dispersion of shareholders in a joint stock limited company, in order to facilitate those shareholders who cannot attend the shareholders' meeting in person and are unwilling to give up their voting rights to exercise their voting rights, most company laws in various countries allow shareholders to entrust agents to vote. The proxy voting system is undoubtedly of positive significance to ensure that shareholders, especially many highly dispersed minority shareholders, exercise their voting rights and participate in company affairs according to law, but it also breeds the disadvantages of acquisition and abuse of agency.
Legal basis: People's Republic of China (PRC) Company Law.
Paragraph 2 of Article 22: If the convening procedures and voting methods of the shareholders' meeting or shareholders' general meeting or the board of directors violate laws, administrative regulations or the articles of association, or the contents of the resolution violate the articles of association, the shareholders may request the people's court to cancel it within 60 days from the date of making the resolution.
Article 34 Shareholders have the right to consult and copy the Articles of Association, minutes of shareholders' meeting, resolutions of the board of directors, resolutions of the board of directors and financial and accounting reports. Shareholders may request to consult the company's accounting books. Where a shareholder requests to consult the company's accounting books, he shall submit a written request to the company, explaining the purpose. If the company has reasonable reasons to believe that the shareholders' access to the accounting books has improper purposes, which may harm the legitimate interests of the company, it may refuse to provide access, and shall give a written reply to the shareholders within 15 days from the date of the shareholders' written request, explaining the reasons. If the company refuses to provide inspection, the shareholders may request the people's court to require the company to provide inspection.
Article 75 In any of the following circumstances, a shareholder who votes against the resolution of the shareholders' meeting may request the company to purchase its equity at a reasonable price:
(a) the company has not distributed profits to shareholders for five consecutive years, but the company has made profits for five consecutive years and meets the conditions for distributing profits as stipulated in this Law;
(2) The merger, division or transfer of the company's main property;
(3) Upon the expiration of the business term stipulated in the Articles of Association or other reasons for dissolution stipulated in the Articles of Association, the shareholders' meeting will adopt a resolution to amend the Articles of Association to make the Company survive. If the shareholders and the company fail to reach an equity purchase agreement within 60 days from the date of adoption of the resolution of the general meeting of shareholders, the shareholders may bring a lawsuit to the people's court within 90 days from the date of adoption of the resolution of the general meeting of shareholders.
Article 153 Where a director or senior manager violates laws, administrative regulations or the Articles of Association and damages the interests of shareholders, the shareholders may bring a lawsuit to the people's court.
Article 152 Where a director or senior manager falls under the circumstances specified in Article 150 of this Law, a shareholder of a limited company who has held more than 1% of the shares of the company for more than 180 consecutive days may request in writing the board of supervisors or the supervisor of a limited liability company without a board of supervisors to bring a lawsuit to the people's court. Where the supervisor is under the circumstances specified in Article 150 of this Law, the above shareholders may request the board of directors or the executive director of a limited liability company without a board of directors in writing to bring a lawsuit to the people's court. The board of supervisors, the supervisors, the board of directors and the executive director of a limited liability company without a board of supervisors refuse to bring a lawsuit after receiving the written request from the shareholders specified in the preceding paragraph, or fail to bring a lawsuit within 30 days from the date of receiving the request, or the interests of the company will be irretrievably damaged if the lawsuit is not brought immediately in case of emergency. Shareholders specified in the preceding paragraph have the right to bring a lawsuit directly to the people's court in their own name for the benefit of the company. If others infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of the company and cause losses to the company, the shareholders specified in the first paragraph of this article may bring a lawsuit to the people's court in accordance with the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs.