Representing Cultural Knowledge —— Imperial Examination
1. The recommendation system was implemented in Han Dynasty.
Sign, by the emperor to recruit celebrities for official positions; (2), the central recruitment, and then recommended. For example:
(1) In Yongyuan, it is not good to raise filial piety, even to establish a government. (Zhang Hengchuan)
(2) The characteristics of the bus depend on the doctor. (Zhang Hengchuan)
2. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, the imperial examination system was implemented.
After the Sui Dynasty, the system of selecting officials by examination was named after selecting officials by subjects. Ming and Qing Dynasties formed a complete imperial examination system. * * * There are four levels (see the table below). In the Han Dynasty, there was a method of selecting scholars through examinations, but this was a temporary measure. No customization was formed. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty abolished the nine-product system monopolized by clans, and established discipline, honesty and economy in the seventh year of Emperor Huang (587). When Emperor Yang-ti was born, he was placed in the Jinshi Department. In the Tang Dynasty, scholars Faming, Shu Ming and Shu Ming were restored in addition to Jinshi, and there were one official, three officials, Kai, Tung Tzu and Tao Ju. Among all the branches, the Jinshi branch is the most important and lasting branch. After the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination system only had Jinshi. Scholars in Tang and Song Dynasties mainly studied poetry and fu. Song Shenzong JaeHee Ningshi, Wang Anshi changed to Jing Yi, Yuan, Ming and Qing all used his method. Confucian classics in Ming and Qing dynasties are based on the sentences in the Four Books and Five Classics, and the format of the article is eight-part essay, and the interpretation is based on Zhu's Notes on the Four Books. In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), the imperial examination mode was changed and stereotyped writing was abolished. Revival after the failure of political reform. In the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), school education was implemented and the imperial examination system was abolished.
Brief list of imperial examinations in Ming and Qing dynasties
College examination, rural examination (autumn), national examination (spring), and palace examination.
The examination room is close to the examination room (state, county), the capital and provincial capitals (provincial capitals), the capital Gongyuan (ritual department) and the palace (palace).
Examiner: special officials, ministers and imperial envoys of the central governments of provinces.
Gong Shi, student (Confucian scholar), student and supervisor.
The name of the winner, the student (scholar), was awarded to Gong Jinshi.
The date is within three years, twice in August, noon and unitary year, in March of the following year, in Guibang Township, and in Apricot List in April of the same year.
First place, the first case is solved, and the champion is in hand.
Second place in the ranking
The third place to explore flowers
3. Schools and teachers
Ancient schools included "xáing", "Xu" and "imperial academy". "East" and "Xu" are local schools. For example:
He also teaches learning how to make people feel better. ("promoting knitting")
I am willing to teach you order and apply it in the sense of filial piety. ("Qi Heng Jin Wen Shi")
Imperial College is the highest institution of learning in China. For example:
Because people are in the capital, the concept of imperial academy runs through the Five Classics and Six Arts. (Zhang Hengchuan)
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the highest institution of higher learning was called imperial academy, and the students in prison were called Jian students. imperial academy was in charge of wine supply and management. Teachers include professors, doctors, single forwards, teaching assistants and so on. For example:
I have a doctor of science as my teacher. Don't ask, don't tell, you can't ask. ("Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang")
Ancient Cultural Knowledge —— Imperial Examination System (Ⅱ)
A form of selecting officials in the Han Dynasty. Chaju means investigation and recommendation, also called recommendation. The local governors of Houguo, Zhou and County will inspect and select talents at any time within their respective jurisdictions, recommend them to superiors or the central authorities, and then appoint official positions after probation and assessment. The main themes of Zaju are filial piety, virtuous literature and Cai Mao. "Zhang Hengchuan": "Yong Yuanzhong, unfilial." "Chen Qingbiao": "Former satrap minister Kui, governor; After stabbing Chen Rongshi, give a scholar. " (Liu Xiu was taboo in the Han Dynasty, calling a scholar Cai Mao)
Expropriation is also a form of selecting officials in Han Dynasty. Sign, is the emperor to recruit celebrities to the court to take up important positions. Bi, a senior bureaucrat of the central government or an official of the local government, appoints a subordinate official and then recommends it to the court. Zhang Hengchuan: "Not even the government." "Andy heard about Hengshan's medical skills, and the characteristics of the bus worship the doctor."
Filial piety is one of the objects of inspection system in Han Dynasty. Filial piety means filial piety and integrity. In fact, the tea bureaus are monopolized by clans, boasting about each other and practicing fraud. At that time, there was a nursery rhyme irony: "Give a scholar, I don't know the book; If you are filial, your father will be separated. "
Imperial examination refers to a system in which feudal dynasties selected officials through examinations. It is called imperial examination because it adopts the method of selecting scholars by subjects. From the Sui Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination system was implemented for more than 300 years. "Second Comment on Poetry" refers to Jia Dao's going to Chang 'an to take the imperial examination. By the Ming Dynasty, the imperial examination had formed a complete system, which was divided into four levels: academy examination (that is, juvenile examination), rural examination, general examination and court examination. The content of the examination is basically Confucian classics, with the sentence of "Four Books" as the topic, and the article format is eight-part essay, and the interpretation must be based on Zhu's "Four Books Notes".
Delivery test is also called "child test"; The local imperial examinations were presided over by academic officials in Ming Dynasty and provincial academic governments in Qing Dynasty, including county examinations, government examinations and university examinations. Only by passing the college examination can you enter the government, state and county schools, so it is also called the entrance examination. Candidates, regardless of age, are called Tong Sheng. "Zuo Yi Shi" refers to "try", in which Zuo Guangdou accepted Shi Kefa as an apprentice (scholar), and Shi Kefa was twenty years old at that time. In "Promoting Weaving", "If there are celebrities in the city, fuck the boy's business" and "fuck the boy's business" means preparing to take part in the boy's test.
After having obtained the rural examination, the examinations were held in provincial capitals (including Beijing) every three years in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Because it is held in autumn and August, it is also called Qiu Wei. The examiner was appointed by the emperor. After the exam, the positive and negative lists will be released. The positive list is called Juren, and the name is Xieyuan.
Will try the exam held in Beijing every three years in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, because it is held in spring, so it is also called Spring Wei. The examination was presided over by the Ministry of Rites, and the emperor appointed the president and vice president. Juren from all provinces and imperial academy's supervisor students can take the exam. Three hundred students were admitted to Gong Shi, and the first one was Huiyuan.
Palace examination is the highest-level examination in the imperial examination system. At the court, the emperor personally questioned Gong Shi who would be admitted to the first place to decide. As a matter of fact, the emperor sometimes appointed ministers to take charge of court examinations without asking himself. Admission is divided into three classes: first class, third class, with "Jinshi Ji" as the title, the first champion (Dingyuan), the second, the third, Hua Tan; A number of dimethyl, given the name "Jinshi origin"; Among the top three, the first name is Chuanchuan, and the first, second and third names are collectively referred to as Jinshi.
Moreover, it refers to the imperial examination, and those who fail are called the first and second places. "Sacrifice to Sister": "After more than three years, I will return to China with a palace brocade." In ancient times, Jinshi who took the exam had to wear palace robes. Here, "wearing Gong Jin" refers to China Jinshi. "Sacrifice to Sister": "It probably means that Chang 'an has been admitted to the Ministry, and the letter will send news sooner or later. "It's another name for Ji, referring to the scholar who passed the exam.
Jinshi sees "Gong Kao". It is the highest reputation in the imperial examination. "Scholars" the seventeenth time: "After all, reading Jinshi is a game." Gong's participation in the court examination was recorded as the top three and was called Jinshi. According to statistics, in the history of China 1300 years, there were at least 98,749 scholars who passed the examination. Many famous writers in ancient times were literati, such as He, Song, Wang Changling, Wang Wei, Han Yu, Liu Yuxi, Bai Juyi, Liu Zongyuan and Du Mu in the Tang Dynasty, and Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, Sima Guang, Wang Anshi and Su Shi in the Song Dynasty. When you pass the exam, as long as you pass the exam, you will be awarded an official position, and the rest will be awarded an official position after three years of study.
See "Gong Kao" for the top scholar. The first place in palace examination's imperial examination system, also known as Dian Yuan and Ding Yuan, is the highest honor in the subject. In history, more than 1000 people won the title of No.1 scholar, but about 750 people were admitted to palace examination. He, Wang Wei and Wen Tianxiang, famous poets in Tang Dynasty, were all selected by imperial examinations.
Please refer to the article "Examination" of the meeting. Juren will take the exam, the first one will be called Huiyuan, and the rest will be called Gong's.
For the explanation, please refer to the article "After taking the exam". Students (Jinshi) take the provincial examination, the first name is Xie Yuan, and the rest of the exams are called Juren.
The first place in the Lianzhong Sanyuan Imperial Examination is Yuan, and the one who takes the first place in the rural examination, social examination and temple fair is called "Lianzhong Sanyuan". According to statistics, at least sixteen people have won three yuan in a row in history. Ouyang Xiu's Oil Salesman mentioned that Chen Yaozi and his brother Chen Yaosou both won the first prize, while Chen Yaosou won the third prize.
Ding Jia refers to the first Jia in the imperial examination, the champion, the champion and three people, who are like a tripod, so they are called Ding Jia. The top scholar ranks first in Ding Family, so it is also called Dingyuan.
Gong, please refer to the article "Examination". Gong was admitted.
Please refer to the article "After the Provincial Examination" for your reference. Jurors admitted after taking the provincial examination. Jurors may confer the position of magistrate. After the Scholars wrote Fan Jin's residence for the third time, he immediately gave him a silver and a house. Fan's father-in-law Hu Butcher immediately changed his face and praised his son-in-law as "the star in the sky", but Fan got the news and was ecstatic. It shows that the ancients in China can be promoted and made a fortune after moving.
Students are scholars. See the article "Freshmen's Internship". Those who pass the college exam (children's exam) can be called students or scholars. For example, Wang Anshi's "Shang Zhong Yong" was "spread to a scholar in a township". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, avoided the light and called the scholar Cai Mao. In The True Story of Ah Q, Master Zhao is called "Cai Mao Gong", which is an irony.
Eight-part essay is a style stipulated by the imperial examination system in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is also called "Shi Wen, Knowing One, Knowing One, Knowing One, Thinking and Writing Well". This style has a fixed format, which consists of eight parts, namely, the topic, the topic, the beginning of speech, the beginning of stock, the beginning of stock, the beginning of stock and the end of stock. The number of sentences and sentence patterns in each part are also strictly limited. "Breaking the topic" specifies the meaning of two sentences; Three or four sentences "bear the title" and then "break the title" to explain; "Say" summarizes the full text, which is the beginning of the discussion; "Start" introduces the main body of the article; From "startup stock" to "tied stock" is the main part of eight-part essay, especially "intermediate stock". In the four paragraphs of formal discussion, each paragraph has two parallel dual words, and * * * is stereotyped writing, hence the name stereotyped writing. The topic of eight-part essay comes from four books and five classics. The content of eight-part essay is not allowed to go beyond the scope of the four books and five classics. We should imitate the tone of the sages and convey their thoughts. Candidates are not allowed to play freely. Stereotyped writing plays a role in binding ideas and talents, both in content and form.
After palace examination, the notices of the Golden List, the admission of the top scholar and the announcement of the ranking in the ancient imperial examination system were called Huang Jia and Jin List because they were written in yellow paper. Most of them were ordered by the emperor, commonly known as imperial orders. Jinshi was called the number one scholar in the exam.
In the same year, people admitted to the same list in the imperial examination era called each other the same year. "Thrift training shows health": "In those days, you said,' You can't disobey what you pay'." "
The name of the school in Xia Dynasty, the place where sacrificial ceremonies were held and books were taught.
The name of Dongxiang Yinxiang School. "Mencius Qi Huan Jinwen Shishi": "I would like to teach in order, and give it with the meaning of filial piety."
The name of the school is in the Zhou Dynasty. Mencius on Teng Wengong: "Set it as a study to teach it." The ancients often referred to local schools in order of priority, or generally referred to schools or educational undertakings.
The traditional Chinese studies of pre-Qin philosophers can be divided into two categories: traditional Chinese studies and rural studies. Chinese studies are designed for emperors or princes, including Chinese studies and primary schools. The teaching contents of business schools and primary schools are mainly based on "six arts" (etiquette, music, archery, bending, calligraphy and mathematics), especially in primary schools.
Relatively speaking, rural studies and Chinese studies generally refer to local schools.
Gong Xue, Xia Ji, was an institution of higher learning in the State of Qi during the Warring States Period, which was named after it was located under the capital Linzi Jiji. At that time, Confucianism, France, Mohism, Taoism and Yin and Yang all gathered here. They began to debate, comment on current politics and give lessons to students. Mencius, Xunzi and other masters have come here to give lectures, which is an important garden for "a hundred schools of thought contend" during the Warring States period.
Imperial academy was the educational management institution and the highest institution of higher learning in the feudal society of China. From Wei and Jin Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, either imperial academy or imperial academy was set up, or both were set up at the same time. The names are different and the system has changed, but they are all the highest institutions to educate the children of princes and nobles. The students studying in this school are called imperial academy students and imperial academy students. "Zhang Hengchuan": "Because I entered the capital, I watched Tai Xue." Preface to Send Ma Dongyang: "Dongyang Ma has been in imperial academy for two years."
See "imperial academy" in imperial academy Jane. Imperial academy was founded in the Han and Wei Dynasties, renamed Guo Zi School in the Western Jin Dynasty and imperial academy in the Sui Dynasty. Since then, imperial academy and Imperial College have been called each other as the highest institutions with educational administrative functions. For example, imperial academy was established in the Ming Dynasty, but it was called "imperial academy" in the Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang.
From the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, academies appeared as an independent educational institution. They are places set up by private or government officials to gather disciples to give lectures and learn knowledge. The four famous academies in Song Dynasty were Bailudong Academy in Lushan, Jiangxi, Huashan Yuelu Academy in Hunan, Shigu Academy in Hengyang, Hunan and Yingtianfu Academy in Shangqiu, Henan. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a "Donglin Academy" in Wuxi, which trained a group of progressives who were not afraid of eunuch forces, such as Yang Lian and Zuo Guangdou, and was called "Lindong Party".
In ancient times, it was a general term for officials in charge of academic affairs and government-run teachers. Such as offering wine, doctor, teaching assistant, promoting learning, studying politics, teaching, teaching guidance and so on.
The chief education officer in charge of imperial academy or Imperial College in ancient times. During the Warring States Period, Xunzi served as a wine sacrifice in Jixia Xuegong for three times, which is equivalent to the current university president. Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty and Xian Cui in the Ming Dynasty (author of Zhong Wang Su Gong Ao Shi) both drank in imperial academy.
Doctor was an official name in ancient times, but now it is a degree name. During the Qin and Han dynasties, it was an official position in charge of books, classics and historical events, and later it became an official position specializing in learning or mastering an art, engaged in teaching and apprenticeship. Biography of the Three Kingdoms Monroe: "Do you want Qing to learn classics and be an evil doctor!" Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Dongyang: "A teacher is a doctor."
Names of academic officials. He is the deputy section chief of imperial academy or Business School, equivalent to the current vice president, and assists in the post of education discipline as the director of wine offering.
Names of academic officials. The abbreviation of "prefect learning politics" is an official appointed by the court, who presides over the college examinations in various provinces and supervises academic officials everywhere. Learning politics is generally held by imperial academy or a Beijing official who was born in Jinshi. "Promotion of Weaving": "I also invited students to the city." Learning production is another name for learning politics. Zuo anecdote: "Zuo Xiangzu, a public school in Gyeonggi." Refers to Zuo Guangdou as a Beijing scholar.
Professor originally meant to impart knowledge, lecture and teach, but later he became a scholar. After the Han and Tang dynasties, there were professors in schools at all levels, who were responsible for the specific affairs of school examinations.
The name of the teaching assistant. He is an academic official of Imperial College or Imperial College, assisting Guo Zi to provide wine and teaching students through Guo Zi, also known as Guo Zi's teaching assistant.
Students in imperial academy. Or was admitted to the school, or recommended by the local government, or chartered by the emperor, and later became a false name, you can get Guo Jianzi's qualification by donating money. The "fourth uncle" in Blessing is "an old student who stresses Neo-Confucianism", and the Jane Eyre in The Scholars is a typical miser.
Students who passed the examinations and entered schools in prefectures and counties at all levels in Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are proliferating, epiphytic, exuberant and typical students, collectively referred to as Zhu Sheng. Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Dongyang "Learning imperial academy today" refers to various supervised students studying in imperial academy.