The project supervision system has a long history in the world and plays an important role in urban construction and project implementation supervision. China has implemented the project supervision system in the construction field since 1996, and the implementation of the project supervision system has made the demand for supervision professionals in the engineering construction field increase continuously. The whole process from planning and design management in the early stage of project construction to project bidding construction, including all-round management requirements in terms of schedule, cost, quality and safety, has created a good opportunity for the development of project supervision industry. The supervision engineer is engaged in a respectable profession, and his position in the technical field is equal to that of a lawyer in the legal field and a doctor in the medical field.
Generally speaking, the position and social status of the supervisor is stronger than that of the construction unit, but the salary is not high. Unless he is worried, a good supervisor will be very tired and learn more than the construction unit, because the supervision requirements are more comprehensive, not only limited to individual fields such as quality, safety, progress, cost, contract and law, but also comprehensive, with lower requirements for supervision, but higher requirements for national registered supervision engineers. You must be an engineer, and you can only take the exam after three years of study. It takes at least eight years from graduation to obtaining the certificate of national registered supervision engineer. Assistant engineers can be evaluated one year later, engineers can be evaluated four years later, and national registered supervision engineers can be tested three years later. Under normal circumstances, it should be nine years, so it will be more difficult to engage in supervision after graduation! ! !
1 Whether the supervision industry can continue to exist When demonstrating the future development direction of the supervision industry, the first question to be considered is: Can the engineering supervision unit continue to exist? Shang Ruo doesn't need engineering supervision in the future, and the future development direction of the supervision industry is out of the question. I personally think that the supervision industry will continue to exist in the short term, first of all because of the needs of the government. Because the government hopes to ensure the quality and safety of construction projects in China through supervision enterprises, this is the "foundation of career" for supervision industries and enterprises. It is hoped that through the supervision and management of the project implementation stage by the supervision enterprises, the construction industry in China will be promoted to "standardization, safety, science and technology, internationalization, energy conservation and environmental protection". Secondly, the role of supervision enterprises is similar to that of referees in sports events. Their characteristics are almost the same, and they are required to supervise (judge) the construction industry (competition) with a "fair, independent, honest and scientific" attitude. There are so many athletes (construction projects) in China, so it is necessary to have a matching number of referees (supervision enterprises) to make decisions (supervision) on competitions (construction projects). Thirdly, there are a large number of supervision practitioners in the domestic construction industry (more than 6,600 homogeneous enterprises and more than 720,000 professional and technical personnel), and it is impossible for the government to cancel the project supervision immediately, which will inevitably lead to the unemployment of many supervision practitioners, the collapse of the "pillars" of many families, and the sharp decline in family economic income, which will also lead to social instability. This is also a sight that the government does not want to see. Finally, the state can write the supervision system into the law, and the effect of the law is second only to the constitution, which shows the importance and needs of the state. To sum up, it can be inferred that the supervision industry in China will continue to exist. 2. The original intention of the government to set up supervision: Chapter 4 of People's Republic of China (PRC) Building Law 20 1 1 Revised Edition: Article 32 in the supervision of construction projects: "The supervision of construction projects shall, on behalf of the construction unit, supervise the project quality, construction period and the use of construction funds of the contractors according to laws, administrative regulations and relevant technical standards, design documents and construction project contracting contracts." The concept of "supervision" is further defined in GB/T 503 19-20 13 "Construction Project Supervision Code"-"Entrusted by the construction unit, the project supervision unit controls the quality, progress and cost of the construction project in the construction stage, and manages the contracts and materials. Laws and norms reflect the will of the state, from which we can see that the original intention of the state to set up supervision is nothing more than hoping that supervision enterprises can play an active role in "project quality, construction period, construction funds, contracts, information" and so on. 3 Status quo of supervision industry 3. 1 Status quo 1 The number of supervision practitioners who actually hold the Certificate of People's Republic of China (PRC) Registered Supervision Engineer is too small to meet the needs of the project. This has also caused some chief supervision engineers to work on more than three projects. After all, the chief supervision engineer's energy and time are limited, which naturally leads to the reduction of project supervision and the decline of management level. It also causes the chief supervision engineer to lack a comprehensive and practical understanding of a project, and naturally he can't do a good job in supervision. 3.2 Status quo 2 The quality and skill level of supervision practitioners are uneven, and the overall quality is low. Even some supervision practitioners are former masons, or they are not "well-trained" but have been in contact with construction for a long time, with less than junior college education, or are composed of some retired and rehired personnel. Of course, there are some excellent supervision engineers in the supervision industry. Because these people have not received systematic education or training in civil engineering theory knowledge and project management methods. Despite long-term contact with frontline construction, individual practices are reckless, disorderly, contrary to civil engineering theory and even illegal. Therefore, such a supervision team naturally cannot complete the supervision and service work with good quality and quantity. 3.3 Status Quo 3 Everyone engaged in the construction industry knows that the salary of the supervisor is the lowest. Low wages naturally cannot attract high-quality supervisors; Low wages naturally make it impossible to retain competent supervisors; Low wages naturally cannot stimulate the enthusiasm of practitioners. If an enterprise can't make money, fewer people will enter this field; If an industry can't support a family, fewer people will naturally enter the industry. Low wages of employees will also lead to gradual depression, depression and complaints in the supervision industry. Gradually slipped into a morbid industry that was "abandoned by the state, pointed out by the owner, complained by the construction, and felt inferior by the supervisor". 3.4 Status Quo 4 At present, the supervision responsibilities of all parties in engineering construction are infinitely expanded. If there is a safety accident, first find the supervisor; If there is a quality accident, first find the supervisor; If rework is caused by careless observation, the supervisor should be consulted first. The huge responsibility of supervision and its low income obviously do not match, which is also the deformity of the supervision industry now. 4 The future development direction of the supervision industry The existence and development direction of an industry depends only on the individual's wishes and more on the market demand. For example, with the increase of punishment for drunk driving, the industry of "drunk driving" came into being. It is precisely because it caters to the needs of the times, car owners and the country (reducing and reducing the occurrence of traffic accidents) that it was born and began to flourish quietly. Because of the innovation of Apple's mobile phone and the more intelligent and humanized system, it caters to the contemporary needs. Apple has become the world's largest company by market value for three consecutive years. Unfortunately, in sharp contrast, Nokia has gone from its former glory to decline because of complacency. This is heaven. The general trend of the world is vast, those who follow it prosper, and those who oppose it perish. Similarly, the future development direction of the supervision industry also depends on the demand, which mainly has three levels. They are the national level, the owner level and the supervision enterprise level, which are explained one by one below. 4. 1 What kind of supervision enterprise does the country want? What kind of supervision enterprises the country wants, that is, what role the country expects the future supervision enterprises to play. I don't know the country's future expectation of supervision yet, but I can know the country's current expectation. From the current laws, regulations and norms of the country, especially the first item of the first chapter-"General Provisions", we can quickly and directly see the expectations of the country. For example, this law is formulated in order to strengthen the supervision and management of construction activities, maintain the order of the construction market, ensure the quality and safety of construction projects, and promote the healthy development of the construction industry. -"Construction Law" "This Code is formulated to improve the level of construction project supervision and related services, and standardize the construction project supervision and related service behaviors. -Code for Supervision of Construction Projects "Code for Supervision of Construction Projects" This code is formulated to improve the management level of construction projects and promote the scientific, standardized, institutionalized and internationalized management of construction projects. "-Construction project management norms can be summarized as: ensuring project quality and safety, improving supervision level and standardizing supervision behavior. Finally, the construction industry in China will be scientific, standardized, institutionalized and internationalized. And the realization of this goal, the state hopes that the supervision industry can play a certain role in promoting. How should supervision enterprises achieve this goal? Or to put it another way: what kind of supervision enterprise can achieve this goal? I try to answer: (1) "Ensuring project quality and safety" requires supervision practitioners to have excellent theoretical knowledge, practical experience and relevant project safety knowledge, which can be summarized in one sentence: high-quality supervision. (2) "Improving supervision level and standardizing supervision behavior" requires supervision practitioners to enhance their legal awareness, perform supervision duties according to laws, regulations and construction standards, and restrain their own behaviors. (3) "To realize the scientific, standardized, institutionalized and internationalized construction industry in China" requires supervision practitioners to have certain foreign language communication skills, learn and abide by local laws. The country's expectations for supervision in the future are nothing more than "higher, faster and stronger" at this stage and new expectations in other aspects. New projects are mainly dominated by the market, that is, what kind of supervision enterprises exist in the market. 4.2 What kind of supervision enterprise does the owner need? In the upcoming discussion, it is clear that the "owners" here refer to the owners of all parties in the market, including government departments. A project ranges from tens of millions to tens of millions, and the owner is usually a layman. Therefore, the owner will need a professional and high-quality engineering consulting enterprise to become his own "Zhuge Liang strategist" and "intimate housekeeper" to provide planning, organization, management and other services for himself, referred to as "worry-free" service. So what kind of supervision enterprises can meet the needs of owners? Let me try to answer: (1) Zhuge Liang strategist: "Zhuge Liang" is usually the representative of wisdom, and the owner hopes to have a first-class supervision enterprise to serve him. The "military adviser" hopes that the supervision enterprise will play the role of decision-making and planning. For example, choose the best design scheme, construction scheme and contracting mode, and participate in the selection of the best design unit and bidding agency. (2) "Intimate housekeeper": I hope that the supervision enterprise will be loyal to the owner, do its duty and let the owner worry. For example, it provides special research on construction projects, compilation and evaluation of project proposal or feasibility study report, monitoring and safety management of the whole process quality of the project (design quality, material quality, equipment quality, environmental quality affecting project operation, etc.). ), even participate in the preparation of bidding documents and organize bid evaluation, and assist in signing contracts. According to the above list, it is not difficult to see the future development direction of the owner's hope for the supervision enterprise, and then discuss what the supervision enterprise hopes for itself. 4.3 The hope of the supervision enterprise for its future The hope of the supervision enterprise for its future, that is, what it can bring to him by opening a supervision company. I think no matter what his motivation is, he hopes that his business will be profitable and bring him wealth. So how to make a profit? I tried to answer: (1) "profit", which is a problem of enterprise management, and I dare not jump to conclusions. But I just want to use the word "open source and reduce expenditure" to answer. Open source is mainly achieved by undertaking more projects; Throttling is mainly achieved through enterprise management. So how to undertake more projects? That is, you can ask, why is the owner willing to sign a contract with you? A: It is your service that can satisfy the owners. How is the owner satisfied? Answer: meet the needs of the owners. At this time, it can be found that the future supervision direction expected by Article 3 and Article 2 is the same (represented by Article 2'). Obviously, the clause 1 is the foundation of the existence of supervision enterprises. In other words, the future development direction of supervision is composed of 1 and 2', and 2' shall not violate the provisions of 1. Upon investigation, the clause (1) in Article 2, namely "Zhuge Liang's strategist", meets the requirements of Article 1. Paragraph (2), namely "caring housekeeper", refers to the supervision of the whole process of the project by the supervisor, which does not conform to the current Code for Supervision of Construction Projects. It is inconsistent with the stipulation in the code that "the supervisor must supervise the project during the construction stage". But what the owners need should also be what the country needs, because the country always regards realizing the people's wishes, meeting the people's needs and safeguarding the people's interests as the fundamental starting point and end result of all work. When one day, the supervision enterprise is able to supervise the whole process of the project, I think the state will revise and improve the relevant laws, regulations and norms to promote the implementation of the whole process supervision of the supervision enterprise. Then article 2 (2) also meets the requirements of article 1. The final conclusion is that the future development direction of the supervision industry is to supervise the whole process of the project, and the supervision enterprises provide high-quality and high-intelligence services for the owners. The ability of supervision practitioners will tend to be a generalist with good knowledge, that is, comprehensive talents. The whole industry will gradually step into an orderly and standardized period of healthy development and eventually mature. Conclusion Under the background that the allocation of market resources plays a decisive role today, the development of enterprises in an industry will also be a scene of "a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend"-it can meet the different needs of different owners in the market. The service mode and content can be not only high-end technical consultation and management services in the whole process of the project, but also on-site technical, quality and safety and cost supervision services in the construction stage. Gradually realize the transformation from a single supervision enterprise to an international diversified engineering consulting enterprise, and provide services such as overall planning, economic evaluation, feasibility study, project management and construction supervision. At present, all industries are developing and innovating under the guidance of big data, and the supervision industry cannot be immune to it. Need innovative thinking, good internal strength and advanced technical consultation. While calling for legal fairness and justice, we should also reflect on many problems in the industry. We should look up to this industry and say "no" to the low-priced bid. If we don't separate the national requirements from the enterprise requirements, it will only be a paste! We can't be fair without separating the supervisor from the contractor. If the government's position is not clear, the position of supervision will certainly not be clear. The development direction depends on the government, enterprises will not be unified, and large and small enterprises are different. At present, fleeing may be the best way out! The future development direction of the supervision industry is to supervise the whole process of the project, and the supervision enterprises will provide high-quality and high-IQ services for the owners. Eliminate the external interference of laymen and experts, eliminate the mutual responsibility of quality and safety, and eliminate the embarrassing situation that supervision enterprises and supervisors can't be immune and be bossed around by the owners. The ability of supervision practitioners will tend to be a generalist with good knowledge, that is, comprehensive talents. The whole industry will gradually step into an orderly and standardized period of healthy development and eventually mature.
I have been a technical director in a construction company for eleven years, and I am quite recognized for the supervision industry. At least 80% of the projects are unqualified if the construction companies in China do not have on-site supervision. Without supervision, the construction unit can cut corners in almost every process. This is the quality of contemporary China people. Everything is for money, regardless of the quality and safety of the project. During the construction process, there are supervision construction units on site, and they cut corners. There are three reasons for the bad supervision industry in recent years:
First, there are too many registered companies in the construction unit, and the relationship between registered companies and investors is basically iron, so the task of supervision is particularly arduous and has not been done well.
Secondly, we all know that there must be no structural problems in dry construction, and some minor problems will inevitably appear in the construction process. Construction personnel must operate by hand. Some representatives of Party A and people who don't know the quality inspection station feel that the building will collapse when they see some minor problems in the construction site. Then threaten the supervision enterprise to do nothing and embarrass the construction unit. At this time, the construction unit will generally give money to the quality inspection station and Party A's representative .. So the real disaster on the construction site is the quality supervision station (quality inspection station) and Party A's representative who doesn't know the specialty.
Thirdly, the management basis of project quality and safety by project supervisor is to manage and supervise according to the national building acceptance code, safety operation rules and construction drawing design requirements, which is in line with national building laws and regulations. However, the person who changed the project (that is, changed the construction drawing) during the construction process was the representative of Party A, which inadvertently affected the quality and cost of the project. In order to save money, individual Party A changed the original construction drawings again and again, and finally refused to recognize the cost and pushed the responsibility to the supervision enterprise.
The supervision enterprise itself is an independent construction enterprise, and the core of its work is a just, fair, open, transparent and scientific management model. The funds of supervision enterprises should be directly allocated by the state, so that supervision enterprises can truly operate independently. When Party A allocates funds to the supervision enterprise, the supervisors must obey Party A's orders and make a final decision on right or wrong. China supervision enterprises are not good because the supervisors are responsible to Party A, while foreign supervision enterprises are good because the supervisors can be independent.
I have been engaged in the supervision industry for almost 20 years, and this question can barely be answered. In my opinion, the development of the supervision industry has completely deviated from the original intention of the country to introduce the supervision industry at that time. From providing professional and whole-process project management to the quality and safety control in the construction stage that most supervision companies are doing now, it has become a "recoil" in a sense. There are not only the guiding responsibilities of the government, but also all kinds of chaos caused by the disorderly competition and vicious price reduction of Party A and the supervision company, which has also caused a vicious circle. At present, the government has also seen this problem. In the past two years, it has been rectified from top to bottom, and the direction of rectification is the whole process engineering consultation. Those who are interested in entering this industry can search online for all kinds of documents in this field in the past two years and judge for themselves whether this industry has a future. I believe that if this reform is effective, it can also correct the development direction of this industry. After all, although the consulting industry is developing slowly in China, it is a relatively mature industry in the world, and we should be confident to do it well.
The existence and development direction of an industry, only a few components depend on individual wishes, and more is based on market demand. For example, with the increase of punishment for drunk driving, the industry of "drunk driving" came into being. It is precisely because it caters to the needs of the times, car owners and the country (reducing and reducing the occurrence of traffic accidents) that it was born and began to flourish quietly.
What kind of supervision enterprise does the country want?
What kind of supervision enterprises does the country want, that is, what role does the country expect the future supervision enterprises to play? I don't know the country's future expectation of supervision yet, but I can know the country's current expectation. From the current laws, regulations and norms of the country, especially the first item of the first chapter-"General Provisions", we can quickly and directly see the expectations of the country. For example:
In order to strengthen the supervision and management of construction activities, maintain the order of the construction market, ensure the quality and safety of construction projects, and promote the healthy development of the construction industry, this Law-Construction Law is formulated.
"In order to improve the construction project supervision and related service level, standardize the construction project supervision and related service behavior, this system is formulated.
Finalize this specification. "-"Code for Construction Engineering Supervision "
In order to improve the management level of construction projects and promote the scientificity, standardization, institutionalization and internationalization of construction project management, this specification-Construction Project Management Specification is formulated.
To sum up, it can be summarized as: ensuring the quality and safety of the project, improving the supervision level and standardizing the supervision behavior. Finally, the construction industry in China will be scientific, standardized, institutionalized and internationalized.
And the realization of this goal, the state hopes that the supervision industry can play a certain role in promoting. How should supervision enterprises achieve this goal? Or to put it another way: what kind of supervision enterprise can achieve this goal?
I tried to answer:
(1) "Ensuring project quality and safety" requires supervision practitioners to have excellent theoretical knowledge, practical experience and relevant engineering safety knowledge, which can be summarized in one sentence: high-quality supervision.
(2) "Improving supervision level and standardizing supervision behavior" requires supervision practitioners to enhance their legal awareness, perform supervision duties according to laws, regulations and construction standards, and restrain their own behaviors.
(3) "To realize the scientific, standardized, institutionalized and internationalized construction industry in China" requires supervision practitioners to have certain foreign language communication skills, learn and abide by local laws.
The country's expectations for supervision in the future are nothing more than "higher, faster and stronger" at this stage and new expectations in other aspects. New projects are mainly dominated by the market, that is, what kind of supervision enterprises exist in the market.
I am one of the earliest people engaged in the practice of construction project supervision in China. Many contents in the first edition of National Construction Supervision Code come from our supervision practice. Therefore, I have a say in this issue.
Construction project supervision system is a project management system stipulated in the Construction Law. The supervision system originally designed mainly originated from the "engineer" system of the International Federation of Engineers. The supervision unit shall work independently within the scope authorized by the construction unit to provide professional project management or consulting services for the owner.
Its basic feature is that the supervision engineer is an impartial third party independent of the owner and contractor. The supervision engineer must be composed of senior compound professionals who understand economy, technology, management and laws and regulations. With high-level professional knowledge, they can provide high-level services to the owners, thus ensuring that the owners' project objectives (quality, schedule, cost and function) can be realized quickly and economically, and achieve high economic and social benefits.
However, after more than 30 years of development, especially the interference of the Chief Executive's will, the current regulatory system has changed beyond recognition. Today's supervision system has seriously deviated from the original intention, requiring supervision engineers to bear a lot of social responsibilities that should not have been borne. The right of supervision engineer is not enough to bear such responsibilities, and the position of supervision engineer cannot bear these responsibilities.
The supervision engineer should only be responsible to the owner and help the owner manage the project well, but most of the current supervision companies do not have such quality.
The remuneration of supervisors is seriously inconsistent with their responsibilities and the positioning of supervision engineers. Too low remuneration and too high responsibility lead to a great loss of high-quality young talents, and the quality of supervision engineers is far from what it used to be.
Take the supervision company I serve as an example. More than 20 years ago, senior engineers accounted for more than 30% of the total number of companies. There are two senior engineers among the librarians. The deputy general managers and chief engineers of many large construction companies can only be directors and chief engineers here. As far as working ability is concerned, many people who used to be supervisors are now directors.
The supervision industry has entered a vicious circle at present. The quality of talents is getting lower and lower, and the responsibility is getting bigger and bigger.
Now, the regulatory system has reached a point where it must be reformed. Without reform, the whole industry will have no future.
The construction supervision industry is an industry endowed by the National Construction Law. Therefore, it is a mature industry. However, China's supervision system is not perfect and needs to be improved. First of all, the orientation of supervision is to accept the entrustment of Party A and provide technical advice to Party A ... instead of being equivalent to government functional departments such as quality supervision stations and safety supervision stations as some netizens think. Most of the supervision power comes from the authorization of Party A, and many supervision instructions are difficult to implement without the approval of Party A.. Because now the project funds of the construction unit are all obtained from Party A or the construction unit, whoever pays the money will listen to him. Although the construction law also gives the supervisor a lot of authority, in this money society, the constructor cares about the employer's requirements. Simply put, the instructions of Party A and the supervisor are different, and the construction party will listen to Party A's instructions more. This is the reality! Secondly, the supervisor is also employed by Party A or the construction unit. The supervisor's money should also be taken from Party A or the construction unit. If the supervisor supervises the project in full accordance with the construction law and does not listen to Party A's instructions, the result can be imagined. The project is difficult to carry out, but it is difficult to change the supervisor. What is serious is that the supervision fee is difficult to pay. The developer or Party A is the investor supported by the local government, and the government often supports the investor. The status of supervision is quite weak in China's special national conditions! Netizens will accuse the supervision of dereliction of duty after many safety and quality accidents, but how many people will understand the embarrassment of the supervision industry in China? China's supervision is to sell white powder with the money from selling cabbage. The supervision fee is very small, but the responsibility of safety, quality and progress cannot be lost. If something goes wrong, the masses will think that the supervision is dereliction of duty, and the functional departments will pull the supervision back. However, any industry has advantages and disadvantages. The so-called "number one scholar", not to mention the supervision industry, is also the root of the above-mentioned Hong Miao. It is a formal unit endowed by national laws. In the work, the supervision industry adheres to the law and regulations, rationalizes the relationship between the five parties, is modest and prudent, and still has the value of existence. Seek survival in the cracks and development in the crisis.
Although Party A seems interested, in fact, Party A should respect the reasonable and legal opinions of the supervisor. After all, Party A's illegal operations abound. If the supervisor is really annoyed, their projects and work will not be carried out well. After all, the position of supervision is endowed by the construction law, and supervision has almost participated in the whole construction process of the whole project. If Party A completely despises the position of the supervisor, the supervisor also has countermeasures. Besides, the supervisor is not afraid of you, and Party A will not pay the supervision fee. First of all, there are contract terms. Secondly, if Party A's violation becomes a fact, it will be a problem. How can the project be completed without the cooperation of the supervisor? Party A is doing so well that you don't need the supervisor to cooperate with you next time. Developers with a bad reputation will not get the support of the masses and the government! After all, the supervisor has no motivation to cut corners and violate the rules, and the initiators of the violations are mostly developers and construction units.
The project quality has nothing to do with supervision, but depends on the construction team. A good supervision team can't do it, and there are many problems in the project. A good construction supervisor who knows nothing can still do a good job in the project. So it is not a necessary link. Now with the current situation of supervision, we know that embarrassing industries, mixed places, unlimited responsibilities, someone is responsible for something.
How to develop the supervision industry? This is mainly in the relevant policies of the owners and the state. In the same construction enterprise, why are the wages of supervision engineers and supervisors very low? It is because the owners and relevant supervision departments do not pay attention to the supervision industry, forming a "big owner and small supervision", and think that the supervision industry is dispensable, so it is difficult to carry out supervision work. In addition, for their own profits, the owners do not work hard on the construction enterprises, but on the supervision enterprises. Originally, there was a supervision fee of 500,000 yuan, and the construction period was half a year, requiring four supervision engineers. However, due to the pressure, the cost is only 300,000 stones. Therefore, the supervision enterprise will arrange one or two supervisors to work. In this way, although the supervision unit does not lose money, the on-site management and supervision power is greatly reduced, forming a vicious circle. I
Promising, but not suitable for being a supervisor after graduation. You must have some accumulation to become a respected and convincing supervisor.