(Henan Nonferrous Metals Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources)
Since 2008, the new party group has put forward the working idea of "highlighting the main business, broadening the industry, developing auxiliary businesses and making a fortune", and the main business has been further defined as geological exploration. Highlighting the main business is not only the need of our own survival and development, but also the requirement of the provincial party Committee and government. It is an urgent task to highlight the main business, achieve a major breakthrough in geological prospecting and create a major achievement with macro-impact, which is also the foundation of the bureau to solve the resource bottleneck of Henan's social and economic development.
The State Council's decision on strengthening geological work points out that the basic principle of strengthening geological work is: "Insist on basing on domestic conditions, moderately advance, highlight key points, improve the system and rely on science and technology. Fully tap the potential of domestic resources, increase prospecting efforts, and improve the supply capacity and guarantee degree of resources. Facing the needs of society, do a good job in overall planning, deploy ahead of time and carry out geological exploration. Concentrate on strengthening the exploration of mineral resources, highlighting the exploration of key minerals and key metallogenic belts, and increasing the geological reserves of resources. " Since April, 2009, the Ministry of Land and Resources has launched a discussion on the reform and development of geological prospecting in the whole system, which is not only a powerful measure to deal with the current financial crisis and mining depression, but also a long-term strategy to unify thinking, achieve a major breakthrough in geological prospecting and promote the reform and development of geological prospecting units.
According to the work arrangement of "promoting comprehensive exploration and strengthening deep prospecting" of the Provincial Department of Land and Resources, combined with the historical region and technical advantages of geological prospecting in our bureau, some thoughts and suggestions on promoting comprehensive exploration and deep prospecting in Henan Nonferrous Geology and Mineral Resources Bureau are put forward. For reference.
First, the origin of comprehensive exploration and deep prospecting
Limited by the exploration norms, the exploration of gold, silver and nonferrous metals in history is mostly limited to the range of 200 ~ 300 m, and no deep geological prospecting has been carried out. Therefore, the new round of geological exploration should focus on the deep part of the previous exploration mining area.
Affected by the early mining fever, the setting of mining rights was not artificially cut according to the natural laws of mining areas and ore bodies, and the distribution was messy. Therefore, the new round of geological exploration should integrate mineral rights and conduct integrated exploration. Only in this way can we achieve a major breakthrough in geological prospecting. Comprehensive exploration and deep prospecting have been put forward in recent years. So, how big should the scope of the comprehensive investigation be? How deep should the deep prospecting be? There is no clear answer. It should be standardized from the original definitions of mineral deposits and geological exploration.
There is still much debate about the scope of comprehensive exploration. Personally, I think that the area should be larger in terms of striving for investment and improving the success rate of prospecting, but we should have a clear consciousness in two aspects:
First, we should have the consciousness of building exploration and development bases, which is the key to the long-term survival and development of geological prospecting units. Geological exploration is characterized by high risk, high investment, long period and low success rate. Neither the market expansion brought by the mining boom nor the government's investment attraction has changed this situation of "two highs, one long and one low". If the success rate of prospecting is only 3% ~ 5%, it means that 80% of geological prospecting units may close down if they only rely on prospecting and exploration for a living.
The external environment for ore prospecting is not relaxed, the State Council [1999] No.37 document is not implemented in place, all walks of life have their own interests, and the competition within the industry is fierce. It is impossible for industries such as telecommunications and oil to form a monopoly position. Therefore, geological prospecting units must have their own long-term exploration and development bases to prepare for entering 2020 in advance.
The second is to have the consciousness of "improving the realm of exploration" in practice. As far as the unit is concerned, improving the exploration boundary is to obtain enough resources in a limited part, which is a successful strategy to improve the success rate of prospecting and reduce the exploration cost.
Personally, there are three realms: ① the primary realm, starting from books, will only go from shallow to deep, from the outside to the inside; (2) Intermediate, according to the standard, step by step, and follow the rules; (3) Advanced realm, correctly discovering and understanding geological anomalies, and creatively working. Real geological prospecting and exploration experts should persist in field work, accumulate experience, understand geology, create experience and improve the realm. We should strive to form the strongest voice of our bureau in certain fields, certain minerals, certain means and certain mechanisms in the whole province and even the whole country through exploration work.
A mineral deposit is a mineral aggregate which is formed by the same geological process on the surface or in the crust and can be exploited and utilized under the existing conditions. It can be a single ore body or a combination of multiple ore bodies. Therefore, exploration methods should be within the current exploitable range or moderately advanced. Geological prospecting exploration is a prospecting activity in a relatively small independent geological unit. A large number of exploration and research practices show that the time domain and three-dimensional spatial scope of world-class large and super-large deposits are limited and have obvious limitations. The highest realm of prospecting and exploration is to find out the limited scope of work and find the existing large industrial ore bodies in the prospecting and exploration area.
Accordingly, the scope of comprehensive exploration should be a relatively narrow independent geological unit, and there is no clear definition of the scope at present, which can be understood as the exploration and development base emphasized by our bureau in the past. The depth of deep prospecting should be the depth that can be mined under the existing conditions. The provincial department of land and resources stipulates that the depth of coal mine exploration is1500m; The exploration depth of bauxite is 700 meters; The exploration depth of other metal deposits is 2000 meters. We believe that the key to a major breakthrough in geological prospecting is to find relatively large and abundant resources in a relatively small scope. The exploration depth of the deposit should also be determined according to the size and quality of the ore body, and the exploration depth of the ore body with large scale and good quality can be larger. Taking bauxite as an example, it is obviously a major breakthrough in bauxite geological prospecting to obtain 65438+ 100 million t bauxite resource reserves in the range of 10km2. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize a major breakthrough in the limited exploration field. Only in this way can we reduce the exploration cost and improve the efficiency of prospecting. This is a successful exploration activity and a real major breakthrough.
In a sense, comprehensive exploration and deep prospecting are not only conducive to achieving a major breakthrough in geological prospecting, but also conducive to winning exploration investment and improving the success rate of prospecting. Proceeding from the reality of our bureau, we must further strengthen the concepts of "construction of exploration and development base", "foothold and determination to find large mines", "implementation of major prospecting and exploration projects" and "promotion of exploration realm in practice".
The second is the guiding principle, technical route and regional selection of comprehensive exploration and deep prospecting.
Guided by Scientific Outlook on Development, closely surrounding the demand for resources for Henan's economic and social development, we will give full play to the geographical and professional technical advantages formed by our bureau and deploy a new round of comprehensive exploration and deep prospecting.
(1) basic principles
-overall planning and moderate concentration: according to the needs of resource development, the possibility of geological conditions for large and medium-sized deposits, and according to the geographical and technological advantages of our bureau, a number of important metallogenic belts and ore concentration areas are planned as a whole. The newly selected registration work area should focus on important metallogenic belts and ore concentration areas, highlighting the main minerals. The registration of the new exploration area is not only about obtaining several exploration licenses, but also about how much area it has. What is more important is the choice of region. The selection work is well done, the exploration cost is low, the period is short, and it is easy to produce major prospecting results. The exploration work area in the province should be concentrated in the areas with significant prospecting achievements in the history of our bureau, highlighting the characteristic technology. There are many theoretical studies in these fields, which take a long time to think, and the new round of exploration has a high starting point and the greatest possibility of making a major breakthrough. Emphasis on overall consideration and moderate concentration is based on the re-study of predecessors' achievements, re-thinking of predecessors' thinking and re-optimization of exploration methods. Its organizational form is to integrate forces and form a joint force. The biggest problems are regional selection and project competition.
-pay attention to combination and strengthen support: geological exploration is a systematic project with large investment, so we should pay attention to the combination of exploration production and geological research. Geological theory is verified by exploration practice, which is deepened, summarized and guided by theoretical research. Paying attention to scientific research in the process of exploration can give full play to the financial advantages of exploration projects, form real geological theory and technology, and strengthen the supporting role of geological science and technology. Geological prospecting is a creative thinking process, so we should pay attention to the combination of prospecting experts and prospecting projects. Exploration experts rely on exploration projects to reflect value, and exploration projects rely on exploration experts to optimize processes. Pay attention to the combination of experts and projects, select experts, give play to the experience and innovative thinking of exploration experts in specific areas and specific minerals, and strengthen the supporting role of geological experts. Only by paying attention to the combination of the two can we really give full play to the advantages of combining projects, funds, technology and talents. What needs to be done is to turn the soft tasks of exploration and scientific research into hard targets and combine experts in exploration projects with experts.
—— Focus on key points and build a base: the selection of comprehensive exploration and deep prospecting projects should focus on key minerals and key areas. The key minerals are urgently needed for the economic and social development of the country and our province, and they are the scarce minerals in the metallogenic geological environment of the country and our province or the dominant minerals in our province. The key area is the area where geological exploration and subsequent development can be carried out for a long time, which will not affect the overall situation because of the failure of prospecting at a certain point, that is, the exploration and development base. The construction of exploration and development base emphasizes the continuity of exploration, subsequent development, current economic significance and investment focus. The selection of overseas exploration and development bases should highlight three elements: metallogenic background, development conditions and political environment, and fully consider its own future development. The selection of exploration and development bases in the province is mainly based on our previous exploration of the deep and surrounding areas of the mining area. We should fully consider how to create great achievements with macro-impact, and serve the old mining enterprises and the strategic reserve of national resources.
(2) Technical route
"going out" to carry out overseas prospecting, deep prospecting in the province, different regions, different minerals and different deposit types. There should be different technical ideas, especially in familiar areas and unfamiliar areas. Their technical routes for prospecting should be different, so we must proceed from reality.
1. "going out" to develop overseas prospecting technical route
In principle, it is carried out in five steps:
The first step is to systematically collect and understand all kinds of materials. Geology: geological background, typical deposits, deposit types, geological maps of various scales, achievement reports, aerial photos, satellite photos, etc. Economic and political categories: taxation, environmental protection, mining rights and other policies and regulations; Feasibility study category: human environment, transportation, electric power, development conditions, etc.
Step 2, select the area. With the unique vision of geologists, economists and jurists, the region (country) and possible work area for further prospecting and exploration are screened out through analysis and research.
The third step is to find out the problem. Based on the related basic theory of mineralization, adjacent typical deposits and previous exploration and development experience, the exploration and development prospect of the selected area is roughly estimated by multi-directional and repeated analogy. For the real "going out" field trip, it lists various classification problems and their possible correlations.
Fourthly, the analogy factors of adjacent typical deposits in the ore belt are selected and compared with the working area. Understand the typical deposits that have been proved and are being developed, and study the theories and exploration results formed by predecessors in this respect, and form two clear understandings: on the one hand, from the perspective of exploration, look for analogy factors such as metallogenic geological environment, ore-controlling geological factors, metallogenic geological anomalies, geophysical and geochemical anomalies and ore body geological characteristics of typical deposits. On the other hand, with the vision of "being wise after the event", we should critically look for, summarize and find effective means and combination of means to explore such deposits. Analogy can only be cut in from the perspective of exploration. When looking for analogy conditions, don't be bound by all kinds of advanced modern metallogenic theories, so that you forget what you think, see and yourself.
The fifth step is to simplify the work procedure of prospecting and exploration centered on geological anomalies (mines). First of all, we should identify all kinds of geological anomalies and clarify the causes of anomalies. Analyze and judge the manifestations of anomalies in the long geological historical period, especially in the metallogenic period, and infer the relationship between ore bodies and geological anomalies. Select appropriate exploration means and combination of means to carry out the work.
2. Technical route of deep prospecting in the province
First, systematically collect and study the exploration and scientific research data of areas that have made great breakthroughs in prospecting in the past, and predict the possibility and hope of deep prospecting. Strive to reach an agreement with the upper mining rights holders and apply to the competent authorities for the establishment of major prospecting projects.
Gather experts, especially those who have worked in this area, analyze the ideas, experiences and lessons of previous exploration, discuss and put forward the ideas and locations of deep prospecting in this area, and choose exploration means and combination of means. Emphasis should be placed on repetition and correlation, and the characteristics and combination forms of metallogenic geological anomalies should be clarified.
The third is to select effective exploration means for verification. Once it is consistent with the forecast, it will be rationally deployed and expand the results. On the contrary, summarize, study and verify again.
Reasonable inference, bold verification and daring to take risks are the ideological basis for achieving a major breakthrough in geological prospecting.
(3) regional selection
The fields and minerals that our bureau should focus on at present are as follows:
1. Within the province
(1) Bauxite: The area of bauxite-bearing rock series in our province is about 15000km2, and 26 key prospecting areas with an area of about 200km2 have been delineated, so as to complete 400-600 million tons of bauxite resources. The problem of bauxite exploration is mainly the opinion of coal enterprises. We must strive to reach an understanding with coal enterprises and enter ahead of time. In fact, we must strive to set up several exploration projects in the area of about 50 ~ 100 km2 around Daimanzhai Uplift, Songshan Uplift and the two wings of Beizi Uplift, and strive to complete the bauxite resource reserve of 200 ~ 300 million tons. Specifically: ① the lower part of coal mining area in Shi Si-Beiye area of Xin 'an; (2) The lower part of Yiyang coal mining area; ③ Buried area in Manjusri-Mohist area of Yuxian; ④ Deep prospecting in Zhijian-Cai 'ao of Shaanxi County, Guiwu-Duancun-Leigou-Hongyang of Mianchi County, Caoyao-Jiajiaao-Lizhuangzhai of Mianchi County, Pianqiao-Jiaocun of Yanshi County, Sunpo-Jiagou-Shendian of Yanshi County, Du Yu.
(2) Iron ore: deep sedimentary metamorphic iron ore in Wuyang area, deep skarn iron ore in anlin area and aeromagnetic anomaly area in Shangqiu-Yongcheng area.
(3) Gold, silver and polymetallic deposits: gold and silver polymetallic deposits in Xiong 'ershan area, including Qiyugou-Gong Yu area, Xiaochigou-Qinggangping-Luyuangou area and Fan Zhuang-Shagou area (Fan Zhuang, Tieluping, Longmenmen, Haopinggou, Xiaonangou-Longwangmiao, etc. ) and Suzigou-Tanyugou area; Gold-silver polymetallic deposits in Xiaoshan District, including Huluyu and Dafangshan; Funiu Mountain area, including Guangou, Hu Wei-Leek Valley and Shuidongling.
(4) Molybdenum deposits: Qiu Shu Bay deep, Haoxian vein molybdenum deposits, etc.
(5) Energy and mineral exploration projects.
The exploration projects that have been included or sought to be included in the province should be expanded as much as possible to realize integrated exploration.
2. Outside the province
(1) Yunnan Yongde tin mine.
(2) Abaga area in Inner Mongolia.
(3) Other geological exploration registration areas should be concentrated in the key areas announced by the national geological exploration plan. The exploration and registration projects in key areas should be implemented quickly and strive for early results.
3. Overseas
(1) Chilean Andes copper belt.
(2) Africa Zambia, Congo (DRC) Central Africa copper-cobalt ore belt.
(3) Other overseas prospecting work should focus on important metallogenic belts.
Three, the key technical problems to achieve a major breakthrough in geological prospecting
In the future, the geological prospecting and exploration work of our bureau will face new areas that we are not familiar with, as well as deep areas that are more difficult to find ore. To achieve a major breakthrough in geological prospecting, we must first make progress in the introduction, absorption and innovation of key prospecting technologies.
Identification technology of (1) metallogenic geological anomalies
Ore is an abnormal accumulation of useful elements. Its external manifestations are metallogenic anomalies based on metallogenic geological background field, geophysical background field and geochemical background field. From the perspective of prospecting and exploration, there are anomalies, not necessarily ore, but there must be anomalies of different scales and types, especially various combination anomalies. First of all, we should find out the ore-forming geological anomalies in the ore-forming geological background field-changes in sedimentary strata and facies, changes in rock mass and facies, changes in metamorphism and metamorphic facies, changes in structure and structural combination, changes in volcanoes and volcanic mechanisms, and combinations of two or more of the above changes. Changes in geological bodies, especially large changes, are anomalies. Geological anomalies are the most direct and possible external manifestations of ore bodies. Only when there are anomalies can geological work be carried out in depth and other prospecting methods be arranged.
To judge whether geological anomalies are mineralized, analogy method must be used. Define analogy boundaries-time boundaries and space boundaries; The analogy conditions are clear-the same geological event and the same deposit type; Refine the analogy content-sedimentary deposits, hydrothermal deposits, skarn deposits, metamorphic deposits, vein deposits, stratabound deposits and so on. In addition, different deposits have different detailed analogies.
The difficulty of analogy lies in that the Cenozoic strata and vegetation cover limit the discovery of visible anomalies (mines), and the difficulty of such discovery will become greater and greater with the passage of time and the increase of depth. Perhaps it is this restriction that provides geologists with a broad world for giving inferences and creative thinking. Modern remote sensing technology has broadened human vision and can perceive geological anomalies from a wider space. Modern computer technology has strengthened the discriminating ability of human beings, and can decompose complex problems into concise and coherent ones. Modern remote sensing technology and modern computer technology will make geologists' vision more unique and creative thinking more rational, which is in line with the objective reality of prospecting and exploration.
Geological prospecting and exploration is a process of continuous exploration, step by step, continuous summary and gradual improvement. Geological exploration must adhere to the principle of "emphasizing combination and strengthening support".
(2) Geophysical exploration technology with large sounding, high resolution and anti-interference.
Geophysical exploration method can obtain surface and deep geological information, which is an important method and indispensable means of geological prospecting. Geophysical prospecting method has high technical content and low exploration cost, but the geophysical anomalies detected by it have multiple solutions. At present, in addition to magnetic prospecting for magnetite and radioactive prospecting for uranium, indirect prospecting is generally used.
It must be noted that geophysical exploration has its basic application conditions: the target of direct or indirect exploration must be obviously different from the surrounding geological bodies in physical properties such as density, magnetism and electricity, and the exploration target must have a certain scale and can be deeply explored. The geophysical methods used can effectively eliminate the anomalies caused by interference factors and distinguish which are the anomalies of exploration targets.
The No.5 and No.7 teams of our bureau were once famous geophysical prospecting teams in the industry, with strong technical strength. It is necessary to study the performance and application conditions of new instruments in combination with the actual prospecting and exploration, and create a unique geophysical exploration technology with independent intellectual property rights in our bureau.
We emphasize the combination of geophysical methods and geological methods. Geophysical exploration provides information technology services for geology, and geophysical exploration re-infers according to geology.
(3) Multifunctional drilling technology in complex strata and special conditions.
Drilling is an important exploration method. No matter how much geological science develops, the ore bodies in the deep underground must be exposed by drilling. With the increasing difficulty of geological exploration, the requirements for drilling technology are getting higher and higher. It is necessary to increase investment, carry out scientific and technological research, and effectively solve the multi-functional drilling technology in complex strata and special conditions. The exploration of bauxite under coal should solve the drilling technology in goaf of coal mine; Deep-hole drilling, goaf and disturbed area drilling, tunnel drilling and other problems should be solved in deep prospecting. For exploration in complex terrain areas, it is necessary to solve the multi-hole drilling technology and so on. In addition, drilling rig, drilling tools, drilling technology, drilling process design, mud requirements and personnel training should all be considered as a whole.
Due to the complexity and diversity of geological conditions, modern remote sensing technology, geochemical prospecting technology and modern computer technology are of great use. Due to the limitations of various technical means, we must fully emphasize the suitability of means and the effective combination of means.
Fourthly, the effective organizational form has achieved a major breakthrough in geological prospecting.
Effective organizational form is the key link to achieve a major breakthrough in geological prospecting, which can be divided into macro-strategic organizational level and basic technical support level. The two are interdependent, and * * * is an organic whole.
(A) Macro-strategic organizational form
Whether it is "going out" to carry out overseas prospecting, or prospecting in the periphery and deep of old mining areas, it is a major turning point in geological exploration in the new period and faces many contradictions and problems. Not a geological prospecting unit or a few technicians can undertake it, and there is financial support. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate regional planning and focus on exploration; It is necessary to unite various technical forces to carry out group operations; It is necessary to choose large enterprises to follow up and provide effective financial support and guarantee. "Regional planning, collectivization operation and follow-up by large enterprises" is an effective macro-strategic organizational form of "comprehensive exploration and deep prospecting" in the new period.
In history, we have organized many large-scale exploration campaigns and concentrated a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources in a short time. Because there is no enterprise to follow up, the exploration geological achievements are far from the market and become plain mines. Emphasis on the follow-up of large enterprises is to make the exploration results directly face the mining market and obtain the greatest economic benefits.
The collectivization operation is not only the joint operation between the geological prospecting department and the technical specialty, but also the joint operation between the geological prospecting units and scientific research units, universities and large enterprises. It is an interest alliance under the condition of market economy and the complementarity of their respective advantages.
(B) the basic technical support organization form
From a technical point of view, the key to achieve a breakthrough in geological prospecting is to establish a technical support system in line with local conditions, and through the effective operation of the technical support system, the sustainable and stable development and major breakthroughs in prospecting and exploration can be realized. The construction of technical support system should focus on the following three aspects.
(1) Adjust the organizational structure, strengthen the construction of technology centers, and cultivate a number of leading figures. With the approved "Henan Nonferrous Metal Mineral Exploration Engineering Technology Center" and the soon-to-be-established "Key Laboratory for Deep Prospecting of Nonferrous Metals" as carriers, we will gather a group of young and middle-aged geological talents, connect geological exploration units with geological research institutions and universities, strengthen the combination of exploration production and geological research, train a group of leading figures, and provide a stage for leading figures to start their own businesses.
(2) Establish a platform combining geological experts with geological prospecting and exploration projects. On the whole, there should be a platform to strengthen the macro-layout, field guidance and comprehensive research of geological prospecting. The establishment of geological experts' archives information database should have clear combination elements and clear objectives, and truly implement the combination of geological experts and geological prospecting and exploration projects. Macro-layout from the strategic height of overall development, combined with experts in the implementation of major geological prospecting projects under the bureau, is helpful to sort out ideas, reduce mistakes, produce results quickly and develop continuously. The key is that this platform should be practical and not a mere formality; It is closely combined with prospecting and exploration, not boasting.
(3) Optimize the geophysical prospecting team and build the core technology. High-precision, extensible and characteristic geophysical prospecting technology is an important means to deepen geological understanding, carry out deep prospecting and rapid prospecting. Historically, the fifth and seventh teams of our bureau are comprehensive geophysical and geochemical exploration teams with a glorious history. Due to personnel, equipment, systems and many other reasons, the once brilliant team has fallen behind the times, and there are very few core technologies that really compete with people at present. Optimizing the geophysical prospecting team, integrating personnel and equipment, and creating core technologies suitable for independent innovation are important contents of the technical support system construction of our bureau. The optimized geophysical team should be a capable organization, advanced equipment, reasonable collocation of geophysical and geochemical personnel and leading figures with geological ideas. We must have our own leading figures and prospecting experts, and we must cherish, utilize and protect our leading figures and prospecting experts.
In the new period, new problems and new key technical problems have appeared in prospecting geological exploration, which requires effective exploration organization. "Comprehensive exploration and deep prospecting" is one of the ways to achieve a major breakthrough in geological prospecting, which requires the authors of geological prospecting to exert their intelligence, learn theory, practice exploration, understand geology and improve their realm; Leaders need foresight, overall planning, effective organization and correct command. The geological prospecting work of Henan Nonferrous Geology and Mineral Resources Bureau will surely push to a new height, realize a new breakthrough in geological prospecting work and create great achievements with macro influence.