During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the slave countries had developed to a mature stage, the state machinery was further improved and perfected, the state functions were constantly expanded, things were busier, and financial activities were increasing. It is difficult for a few people, such as slave owners, to govern the country well, and a certain number of state officials are needed to ensure the normal operation of the regime. On the other hand, the productivity has been obviously improved, and the social economy has also developed greatly, creating objective conditions for the emergence of the salary system.
The economic base of the Western Zhou Dynasty was state-owned. "Under the world, is it the land of the king and the shore of the land, or is it the minister of the king?" In the state-owned system, in order to consolidate his rule, the Zhou emperor implemented the enfeoffment system, and enfeoffed the land and people on it to the imperial clan and courtiers. This is not only the form of political rule of slave countries in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but also the main form of national financial distribution. In this economic base and political environment, there has been a system of "dividing fields to make salaries". The titles awarded by the state to officials are divided into five grades: public, Hou, Bo, Zi and public. In addition to the monarch, the official positions are divided into Qing, doctor, staff sergeant, sergeant and corporal. According to the title, the monarch gave a hundred officials a field, the field of the son of heaven was thousands of miles, the public and Hou Tian were hundreds of miles, the field of Bo was seventy miles, and the son and the person were ten miles each. Specifically, in North Korea, there are 32,000 mu of Sangong, 24,000 mu of Daqing and 65,438+0.6 million mu of doctors. In other countries, there are 32,000 mu of vassals, 3,200 mu of ministers, 800 mu of doctors, 400 mu of staff sergeant, 200 mu of slave sergeant, and corporal 100 mu (all people are officials); Bo; You have 24,000 mu, and Qing has 2,400 mu. Doctors, staff sergeant, sergeant and corporal are the same as other countries. Zigong: Army 16000 mu, Qing 1600 mu, and the rest are the same as above. Moreover, this system of enfeoffment is hereditary, which is the so-called "Shi Qing Shi Lu" system. Future generations can inherit, which is lifelong.
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of great social changes in China. With the disintegration of slavery and the emergence of feudalism, the salary system of officials has also undergone tremendous changes. The official system in the Spring and Autumn Period still followed the system of officials, Hou, Bo, Zi, Gong, Fan, Qing, doctors and scholars, and the salary system also followed the method of dividing fields and salaries in the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, after the Warring States period, the system of world officials and world leaders was abolished, and talented famous warriors could also get high officials and generous salaries. They got the title and salary according to the military service, 50 stone officials, 100 stone officials. In the original Qing Dynasty, doctors and scholars existed in name only, and only charged rent for fields. Because land is becoming more and more private, farmers who have collected land are all owned by themselves except paying government taxes. Since then, I have no land, and I will be rewarded when I am in office, and I will be for the people when I go.
Therefore, in this period of great change, whether the rank system replaces the Shi Qing Shi Lu system or the appointment system replaces the hereditary system, the salaries of officials are paid by the state, and state officials working in local areas are also rewarded by the state. However, Zhou did not notice that the salaries of other officials were in feudal countries. For example, diners and aides at that time were supported by feudal monarchs.
Qin unified the six countries, and established the first centralization in China feudal society, "building an emperor and establishing an official". After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, most of the official positions were inherited from the Qin Dynasty, such as Guo Xiang, Prime Minister, Qiu, Doctor Shi Yu, Feng Chang, Doctor, Langzhongling, Wei, Ren Wei and Su Zhi. The official ranks in Han dynasty can be roughly divided into three categories: the first category is people with official ranks above 1000 stone. Among these officials, for example, the salary of "three public" officials is 350, the salary of the middle 2,000 stone officials is 1.80, and the salary of the lowest 100 stone officials is 1.6. The second category is the ranks of fighting for food and assisting history. Eating a monthly salary of 1 1, or eating a bucket of two liters per day, is called eating. Sasuke earns eight a month. The third category is less officials, and there is no official rank. The salary of the first kind of senior officials is extremely rich, so it is no wonder that "the family is rich and respected". The deacon's salary is very small. When Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor, Zhang Chang reflected that the salary of petty officials was insufficient, and he often worried about his parents and wife. Although he wanted to live an honest and clean life, he offered to increase his salary, and Xuan Di gave him an increase of two months.
The number of officials in the Western Han Dynasty was very small before Liang Wudi, but it increased greatly after Liang Wudi. In the Han Dynasty, there were 130285 people from the assistant history to the prime minister. There were 7567 officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty, including internal officials 1055 and external officials/65 1 person. But in addition, there are 1454 19 people responsible for various colors inside and outside, totaling 152986 people. After the implementation of the salary system, the proportion of civil servants' wages in the national financial expenditure is increasing. In order to cope with the official salary, Cao turned to distribute the millet from Kanto to officials in Zhongdu, but he was only a few dozen stones old. When I arrived in Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu, I gave four million years to the capital in the Kanto Valley, and spent sixty thousand people. Judging from the fact that when Emperor Gaozu moved to Guanzhong, the Soviet Union gave it to officials in Zhongdu, and when Emperor Gaozu moved to Guandong Valley, the state finance in Han Dynasty was only responsible for the salaries of officials at the central level. However, the central government still pays salaries to state officials sent to local posts. As for local officials, the state does not care. Local officials pay wages or employ them with wages.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the content of official salary system was very rich. Officials have both land and grade salary and grade salary system, and sometimes several systems are mixed.
Cao Fangshi had more than 20,000 Langguan and Stuart Li Ling officials, and 10,000 central officials were in the capital. There are 40,000 officials in Shu and 32,000 in Wu, referring to local officials. There are 6,836 central officials in Jin, 6 172 in Song and 2 103 in Qi. There were 7,764 people in the Northern Dynasties, 2,322 people in the Northern Qi Dynasty and 2,989 people in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Local officials are often 5-6 times as many as internal officials, so there are tens of thousands of national officials, and the state's financial expenditure is considerable.
In Cao Wei, the official salary was relatively thin. Because the salary could not be clean, the official salary began to increase in the Western Jin Dynasty. The first grain is five months, with 100 horses in spring, 200 horses in autumn and 200 kilograms of cotton. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the Song Dynasty, the salaries of prefectures and counties were mostly paid in soil, with no fixed standard, and all were paid in cash afterwards. Liang Shi's salary is divided into five classes, the first class is ten thousand stones, and the second class is two thousand stones. At the beginning of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Lu had no rank, and he was given public land every season, with a secretariat of 15 hectares, a satrap of 10 hectares and a county magistrate of 6 hectares. These local officials can search the area vigorously as long as they pay a fixed rent. So in the early Northern Wei Dynasty, bureaucrats were corrupt, and officials searched and looted everywhere. "The first time I beat a horse with a whip, I got a hundred taels from the car." Therefore, the officials of the Northern Wei Dynasty are called "hungry eagles and hungry tigers" in the history books. So Emperor Xiaowen switched to the salary system. After the promulgation of the equal land system, local officials were awarded public land as salary according to their positions. 15 hectares of secretariat, 10 hectares of satrap, 8 hectares of Zhizhong and Biejia, and 6 hectares of county magistrate and county magistrate. The commons are not allowed to be bought or sold, and they are handed over to the next official when they leave office, which is roughly the case in the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi Dynasties. However, during this period, both rank salary and farmland were implemented in accordance with the national "Nine Grades System". The official states within the Nine Grades System only paid salaries, and the states and subordinate officials who did not take the goods were not responsible, but were still raised by local governments.
The official salary in the Sui Dynasty was very high. The local officials are 1 meter 620 stones, 2 meters 580 stones, 3 meters 540 stones, 4 meters 500 stones, 5 meters 460 stones, 6 meters 420 stones, 7 meters 380 stones, 8 meters 340 stones and 9 meters 300 stones. County officials have 340 stones, 3 10 stones, 280 stones, 250 stones, 220 stones, 190 stones, 160 stones, 8 130 stones and 100 stones. County officials are Grade I 140 stone, Grade II 130 stone, Grade III 120 stone, Grade IV 100 stone, Grade V100 stone, Grade VI 90 stone and Grade VII 80 stone. The number of officials in Sui Dynasty was12,576, including 258 central officials1person and 9,995 local officials. Judging from the salary system in the Sui Dynasty, 9995 local officials were all state officials, appointed by the imperial court, and paid by the state finance. However, in addition to this group of state-appointed officials, there are also a group of petty officials who are not appointed by the state. There is no clear wage system in these countries, as if all wages are paid by local governments.
The official salaries of the Tang Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty were roughly the same. State officials who work locally are not paid, but the state gives them fields. One product 12 hectare, two products 10 hectare, three products 9 hectares, four products 7 hectares, five products 6 hectares, six products 4 hectares, seven products 3.5 hectares, eight products 2.5 hectares and nine products 2 hectares. Lu's local officials, a product of 650 stones, from a product of 550 stones; Positive second grade 470 stone, from second grade 430 stone; Positive three-product 370 stones, negative three-product 330 stones; There are 280 positive fourth-grade stones and 240 positive fourth-grade stones; Positive grade 5 180 stone, from grade 5 140 stone; There were 95 positive grade 6 stones and 85 negative grade 6 stones. Seven-level 75 stones, from seven-level 65 stones; Positive eight products are 64.5 stones and negative eight products are 59.5 stones; It is the ninth grade 54.5 stone, from the ninth grade 49.5 stone. The number of civil and military officials at home and abroad in the early Tang Dynasty was18,800, including 262 central officials and 685 local officials. In Tang Xianzong, Prime Minister Li Jifu counted that the number of civil and military officials and petty officials reached 368,668, with an average of 2 officials for every 7 households and 3.5 households with 1 official. In his last play, he pointed out: "There are often three people who work hard, and seven people who wait for food and clothing. But officials at home and abroad are eager to serve them. Those who are famous for their positions are very heavy, so they get more money when they raise money. " The so-called "worshippers inside and outside" here refer to state officials who work in local areas, not ordinary local officials. Li Jifu counted "small officials of various colors" to calculate the ratio of officials to the people, because although the central government of local officials does not pay salaries, local governments are paying salaries, so it is also considered as "people who need food and clothing."
In the early Song Dynasty, there was no official quota and no full-time staff. There were more than 65,438+00,000 officials in Jingdezhen, Song Zhenzong. When Emperor Injong helped him, the number increased to more than 20,000. As far as local officials are concerned, Zhe Zongyuan helped them much more than Ren helped them. Our time was increased from 3 to 9, and after two ambassadors checked in, it was increased from 1 to 8, observation from 1 to 15, and defense from 4 to 42. When we came to Cai Jing for exclusive power, our time was increased to 50 people. After observation, the remote county secretariat had thousands of members. Bachelor degree system, 150 Chinese and foreign staff. These are all local officials of the imperial court, and there are even more officials of local provinces, prefectures and counties. In the third year of Song Xining (1070), officials all over the world began to draft it, and the total cost was 3,834 yuan. Xining eight years, annual support 37 1533. However, "no matter who is paid in the capital or in the world, this figure has not been predicted." According to the estimation of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the annual expenses of officials in both places alone reach 230,000 yuan. Judging from the expenditure of officials' salaries, it shows that the salaries of local state officials in the Song Dynasty were still paid by the central government, and the salaries of petty officials under local officials were still taken care of by local officials.
It was not until the Yuan Dynasty to the middle of Yuan Shizu (1264- 1264) that official salaries were formulated. Since then, "there are hundreds of courtiers in the family, many officials in the family, but only a few officials in the family." However, the "official and professional" here refers to the central department, not the local government. During the Dade period (1297- 1307), no local officials in professional fields benefited from Mi Lu. In the twenty-second year of Zhiyuan (1285), the salaries of officials were determined in detail, and each product was divided into upper, middle and lower grades. The most gave six ingots and five ingots, and the least gave 35 Liang.
Civil servants in Ming Dynasty were divided into nine categories, with positive category and grade of *** 18. Those who do not enter the nine categories are called "unworthy" and cannot be called officials. In the tenth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (137 1), Guanbai was given public land for salary. The Taiwan Province Affairs Department of Gonghou Province has 760 internal and external health officials, covering an area of 4,689.93 hectares. Abel Tamata, a foreign official, showed that local state officials were paid directly by the central government in the Ming Dynasty. After the return of the commons, the salary system was implemented, and the first grade 1044 stone was reduced from the ninth grade to 36 stones, and those who did not flow in were 36 stones.
In Qing Dynasty, the central bureaucracy was divided into military department, cabinet, six departments, Duchayuan, Hanlin Academy and Guanglu Temple. There are governors, governors, scholars, ministers, judges, salt transporters and so on. Although these people are local, they are all government officials, belonging to senior state officials, and the salaries of officials are naturally the responsibility of the central government. Baiguan's salary, Wenwu Baiguan's salary 180 Liang, two products 155 Liang, three products 130 Liang, four products 105 Liang, five products 80 Liang, six products 60 Liang, seven products 45 Liang, eight products 40 Liang and nine products 30 Liang. The salaries of civil servants in local organs are the same as those of Beijing officials, but they are not given to Mi Lu; Military attaché s in local offices are lower in rank than civil servants. This shows that in the Qing Dynasty, national officials who held local posts were paid by the central government, while ordinary officials appointed by local governments were still paid by local governments.